in 1911, but the latter was murdered in 1913 and succeeded by the vice-president, Carlos Melendez. He resigned in Aug. 1914. Alfonso Quinonez Molina temporarily held the presidential power and when Carlos Melendez was elected president in 1913, Molina became vice-president. On March i 1919 Jorge Melendez was inaugurated for the term ending 1923. The tranquil con- dition of Salvador was due to the decrease of hostility between Conservatives and Liberals, and to the frequent insistence by the United States upon the preservation of peace.
During the World War Salvador was the only one of the five isthmian republics which did not declare war against Germany, although, by note of Aug. 24 1917, she permitted U.S. vessels, regardless of armaments, to use her ports. When the Monroe Doctrine was adopted without definition in the Covenant of the League of Nations, she interrogated the U.S. Government as to the interpretation of the doctrine; later, in 1920, a movement was made to initiate an international bureau or court excluding the United States from membership, but this movement gave way to another looking toward Central American union, which Salvador had long advocated.
On June 24 1920 the Salvador Department of Foreign Relations sent a circular telegram to the other four isthmian republics inviting their participation in an isthmian congress to review, and, if needful, change the Washington Conventions of 1907, which were intended to safeguard the interests of all Central American countries and to promote the settlement of difficulties through arbitration. The congress was also to plan for unifica- tion of the national constitutions and law codes, provision for uniform secondary and professional education, equalization of customs duties with free trade in Central American products, adoption of uniform extradition laws, moneys, weights and measures, and a single coat of arms and flag. From such unifica- tion political consolidation was expected to ensue. Conferences began Sept. 15 1920. Nicaragua seemed for a time to prevent complete accord, but a preliminary agreement as to union was reported as having been effected Jan. 21 1921. To this pact of union Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala became signatories; Nicaragua and Costa Rica rejected its terms, which became effective Feb. 10 1922. Salvador has an arbitration treaty with the United States, ratified in 1913, and a treaty encouraging commercial relations, ratified in 1919. (H. I. P.)
SALVINI, TOMMASO (1829-1915), Italian actor (see 24.103), died at Florence Dec. 31 1915.
SALZBURG (see 24.104), a Territory of Austria, borders for a considerable distance on the Italian Tirol. In 1910 it had 214,737
inhabitants; in 1920 only 213,877 (77 to the sq. mile). In 1900
16-0% of the soil was unproductive. The productive areas in-
cluded 39-2% forest; 39-8% grazing lands, mostly high-lying;
9-8 % meadow; 0-3 % gardens; and only 10-8 % arable. The most
important towns are Salzburg (pop. in 1920, 36,450); Hallein
(pop. 6,746); St. Johann, in Pongau (pop. 1,709). The opening
of the Tauernbahn has greatly increased the importance of Bad
Gastein and Hof Gastein, and the latter has developed into a mod-
ern health resort. The Gastein springs are rich in radium.
SAMSONOV, ALEXANDER (1850-1914), Russian general,
was born in 1859. After being at the Cavalry school in St. Petersburg he served in the war with Turkey in 1877-8. On
passing out of the Academy of the General Staff in 1884 he was
appointed on the general staff. From 1896 to 1904 he was
commandant of the Cavalry school at Elisavetgrad, and in 1902
he was promoted to the rank of general. In the war with
Japan in 1904-5 he commanded the Ussuri mounted brigade
and the Siberian Cossack division. He distinguished himself
greatly as a leader of cavalry, and was awarded the St. George
Cross of the fourth class. In 1909 he was made Ataman of the
Don Cossacks, and in the same year he became governor-general
and commander of troops in Turkestan. In Aug. 1914 he was
appointed commander of the II. Army, which was concentrated
on the Narev. Sentiments of loyalty to an ally and the desire
to take pressure off France at the earliest possible moment
led the Russian supreme command to give a premature order
for an advance into eastern Prussia. Notwithstanding his
report that his army was not ready for an advance the order
was repeated, and as a result of the absence of support from
Rennenkampf's I. Army Samsonov's army was destroyed in
the battle of Tannenberg on Aug. 26-^9. Convinced that the
battle was hopelessly lost, he gave orders to his staff to extricate
themselves from the German ring, while he went into a wood
and shot himself. He was buried, with other Russian soldiers,
not far from Villenberg. His wife, coming later to Germany
with the Red Cross, recognized his body by a medal that he wore.
SAMUEL, SIR HERBERT LOUIS (1870- ), British politician, was born at Liverpool Nov. 6 1870, the son of the banker Edwin Louis Samuel. He was educated at University College
school and Balliol College, Oxford, where he took his degree in
1893. In 1895 and 1900 he unsuccessfully contested South Oxfordshire as a Liberal, but in 1902 was elected for the Cleveland
division of Yorks. He entered Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's
Government in 1905 as Parliamentary Under-Secretary to the
Home Office. From 1909 to 1910 he was Chancellor of the Duchy
of Lancaster, with a seat in the Cabinet, and in 1910 became
postmaster-general. He held this office until 1914, and then be-
came for a year president of the Local Government Board. From
1915 to 1916 he was again postmaster-general and Chancellor of
the Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1916 became Home Secretary.
He acted as chairman of the select committee on national expen-
diture (1917-8), and in 1919 was a British special commissioner
to Belgium. In 1920 he was appointed high commissioner to
Palestine and was created G.B.E.
SANDAY, WILLIAM (1843-1920), English theological scholar, was born at Holme Pierrepont, Notts., Aug. i 1843, the son of William Sanday, a well-known breeder of sheep and cattle. He was educated at Repton and Balliol College, Oxford, afterwards becoming a scholar of Corpus Christi. He took a first-class in
classical moderations in 1863, a first in the final classical schools
in 1865, and was ordained in 1867. He became a fellow and lec-
turer at Trinity in 1869, and in 1876 was chosen principal of Hat-
field Hall, Durham. In 1883 he was appointed Ireland professor
of Exegesis at Oxford, and in 1891 Lady Margaret professor of
Divinity, a post which he held till 1919. He died at Oxford
Sept. 16 1920.
As a theological and biblical critic of the apologetic school Sanday took a very high place. His chief works are The Authorship and Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel (1872); The Gospels in the Second Century (1876) ; The Oracles of God (1891) ; The Early His- tory and Origin of the Doctrine of Biblical Inspiration (1893) ; Com- mentary on the Epistle to the Romans (with Dr. Headlam, 1895); Outlines of the Life of Christ (1905 ; a republication of an article in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible) ; Christologies, Ancient and Modern (1910) and Personality in Christ and in Ourselves (191 1).
SAN FRANCISCO (see 24.144) increased in pop. during 1910-20 from 416,912 to 506,676 or 21-05%, making it the eleventh city
in the United States. The metropolitan district, as designated
by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1920, included all the communities
in the extensive area surrounding San Francisco bay. This area
had in 1910 a pop. of 750,000 and in 1920 1,121,631, being the
fifth population centre of the United States.
Transportation and Commerce. The railway service of San Francisco was greatly improved in the decade 1910-20. In 191? * ne Southern Pacific spent approximately $1,500,000 on yards and carshops in the city. The other railways correspondingly improved their terminal yards on the bay. Steamer service grew remarkably, in part because of the opening of the Panama Canal. In 1911 the ship tonnage of the port was 5,519,556 entered and 5,545,530 cleared. In 1919 4,617 vessels entered the port and 4,696 cleared, carrying a gross tonnage of 12,261,669. In 1920 the 48 steamship lines operating out of the port had over 250 steamers; 29 lines were in foreign and 19 in coastwise trade. The U.S. Shipping Board in allotting ships gave the port 250,000 tons, including seven ships of 21,000 tons each. The urban railway mileage increased from 289-6 m. of single track in 1910 to 352-88 m. in 1920. The opening of a municipal line in Dec. 1912 caused the retention of a five-cent fare. The number of passengers carried during the fiscal year 1919 was 307,000,000 as against 157,722,720 in 1911. The south-western quarter of the city was brought within 25 minutes of the business district by building a tunnel under Twin Peaks (1917). In 1921 the port of San Francisco had 41 modern piers with a total area of 4,500,000 sq. ft., providing for more than 1,200,000 tons of cargo per month, an increase of 100 % over the accommodation available in 1910. The Belt railway, which serves all but three of the piers, had in
