Tanneries, tallow factories, brickworks and breweries are widely scattered. Only 7·6% of the pop. is estimated to be engaged in manufacturing industry (1914).
Communications.—Efforts to open up communication with Siberia by its northward flowing rivers and the Arctic Ocean have met with some success, but access by this route is possible only in the height of summer. Experience has shown that during Aug. and Sept. ice seldom presents any real difficulty in the Kara Sea and a steamer can rely on making the estuary of the Ob or Yenisei. One or two vessels take this route annually. Along the eastern part of the Arctic coast the only regular navigation is by occasional vessels between the mouth of the Kolima and Vladivostok.
The Ob affords 17,000 m. of navigable waterways, but the delta impedes communication with the Arctic Ocean. Seagoing vessels can reach Obdorsk, but large vessels have to lie at Nakhodka Bay in the Gulf of Ob. River steamers ascend the Ob to Biisk, 2,059 m. from the sea, and the Irtish to Lake Zaisan, 3,100 m. from the sea. The Ob-Yenisei canal between the Ket and the Kas is accessible only to small barges. In 1915 there were 350 steamers and several hundred barges on the Ob and its tributaries. The Yenisei is navigated to Minusinsk, 2,045 m. from the mouth. Small seagoing vessels can reach Yeniseisk, but larger vessels discharge and load at Golchikha (Ghilghila) in the delta. The Yenisei is the only Siberian river for which sailing directions and large-scale charts are published. Beacons and buoys assist navigation. In 1915 there were 60 steamers on the Yenisei. The tributaries are of little value for navigation. The Lena has a navigable length of 2,760 m. to Kachugskoe, 230 m. from Irkutsk, the nearest point on the railway. In 1914 there were some 30 steamers on the river, mainly between Yakutsk and Vitimsk. The Vilyui, Aldan and Vitim are tributaries on which a few steamers ply. The Amur with the Shilka is navigable for 2,000 m. to Stryetensk on the Siberian railway. There are many sandbanks, but vessels drawing 3 ft. can make the whole journey. The river is buoyed and marked and supplied with a few dredgers. Seagoing vessels stop at Nikolaevsk in the delta, but if the stream was dredged in a few places they could reach Khabarovsk. In 1916 there were about 400 steamers and several thousand barges on the Amur and its navigable tributaries. Practically all the vessels were Russian, although Chinese vessels have equal rights down to Khabarovsk. On the Sungari, the Manchurian tributary of the Amur, there is Chinese and Japanese shipping. The Ussun is navigable throughout its length. Steamers ascend the Ussuri and Sungacha to Kamen- Ribolov, on Lake Khanka, 500 m. from Khabarovsk. Navigation on Lake Baikal has become less important since the construction of the railway round the southern end. In addition to two powerful ice-breakers there are about 12 steamers on the lake, some of which ascend the Selenga. The shores of Lake Baikal are well provided with lighthouses. The best harbors are Baranchuk on the west and Misovski on the east. Both are provided with breakwaters and wharves and are on the Siberian railway.
In 1916 the railway mileage in Siberia was approximately 6,800 m., not counting the Chinese Eastern (trans-Manchurian) railway. The Amur railway was built between 1908 and 1916. It marks a reversion to the course originally projected for a railway to the Pacific and provides a through route independent of Chinese territory. The Amur railway is a single track linking Kuenga via the Amur valley with Khabarovsk, 1,295 m.; the embankments and bridge piers are built for a double track. There are branches to the Shilka river at Chasoyaya, and to the Amur at Rcinova, Chernyaeva, Blagovyeshchensk, Innokentievskaya, and Pashkova. The bridge across the Amur at Khabarovsk is 7,038 ft. in length and has 22 spans. In western Siberia the line from Petrograd to Tyumen has been extended via Ishim to Omsk on the original Siberian line. A line from Ekaterinbcrg destined to reach Tobolsk goes via Irbit and ends at Saitkovo on the Tavda river. The Altai railway from Novo-Nikolaevsk to Barnaul (with a branch to Biisk) and Semipalatinsk, 408 m., was opened in 1915. It serves mining and agricultural interests in one of the most promising parts of western Siberia. The new line from Achinsk to Minusinsk, 300 m., opens a rich agricultural district in the valley of the upper Yenisei and tributaries. From Tatarskaya, 105 m. E. of Omsk, a line goes S. to Slavgorod, 196 m., in a region which in 1913 was attracting settlers. From Yurga, 385 m. W. of Krasnoyarsk, a line to Kolchugino, 200 m., taps rich coal-fields. These two lines were built by private enterprise. The Siberian railway is now double-tracked from Omsk to Karimskaya where the Stryetensk and Amur line begins. Some of the bridges still require to be widened. There is a double track from Nikolsk-Ussuriski, the junction of the Ussuri and Chinese Eastern railways, to Vladivostok. A line 93 m. long connects the Suchan coal-mines with Vladivostok. During the years 1915–6 the Siberian rolling- stock was much increased from the United States, and new railway shops were erected at Pervaya Ryeka near Vladivostok.
The telegraph system has been extended into Arctic Siberia: lines follow the Ob to Beresov, the Yenisei to Turukhansk and the Lena to Yakutsk and Vilyuisk. There are lines from Yakutsk to Okhotsk and from Khabarovsk to Nikolaevsk with connexion to Sakhalin. The Siberian telegraph system is linked via Semipalatinsk with that of Turkestan, and via Chuguchak with that of Mongolia. A second line to Mongolia between Kosh Agach, on the frontier, and Kobdo was incomplete in 1921. The Siberian and Chinese systems join at Kyakhta. Wireless telegraph stations exist in many places in the far N., and in 1916 were working at Cape Mare Sale in the Yamal peninsula; Dickson I. at the Yenisei mouth; Novo-Mariinsk and Markovo on the Anadir; Gizhiga Bay; Okhotsk; Khabarovsk; Nikolaevsk; Petropavlovsk in Kamchatka; Iman on the Ussuri and Vladivostok.
Bibliography.—J. F. Baddeley, Russia, Mongolia, and China, A.D. 1602–1676 (with many maps of northern Asia during the XVI. and XVII. centuries, 2 vols., 1919) ; A. M. Stanilovski, "Lake Baikal," in Izvestia Imp. Russ. Geog., East Sib. Sect. No. 7. (1912, in Russian); B. M. Shitkov, "The Yamal Peninsula," in Zap. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Gen. Geog. 49 (1913, in Russian); J. G. Grand, "Les formes de relief dans l'Altai Russe" in Fennia, 40, No. 2 (1919); Explorations géologiques dans les régions aurifères de la Sibérie (various volumes and dates, in Russian with French summaries); V. Shostakovich, "Temperature of Rivers of Siberia," in Zap. on Hydrography, 33 (1911, in Russian); The Jesup North Pacific Expedition (1904–11), various volumes, mainly ethnological and anthropological; Central Statistical Committee's Year Book 1914 (1915); S. Patkanoff, Statistical data for the racial composition of the population of Siberia (1912, in Russian); M. A. Czaplicka, Aboriginal Siberia (1915), with a full bibliography; A. Schultz, "Die Verteilung des Landbesitzes in Sibirien" (with maps) in Petermanns Mitteilungen, 66, p. 252 (1912); V. Rodevich, "The Uriankhanski District and its Inhabitants" in Izvestia Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. 48, pp. 129–188 (in Russian). For a recent account of Siberia, with maps, see Handbook of Siberia and Arctic Russia, I.D. 1207 (prepared by N.I.D. Admiralty, 1918) and Atlas of Asiatic Russia, with three volumes of text (1914, in Russian). More general books include:—M. G. Price, Siberia (1912); R. L. Wright and B. Digby, Through Siberia (1913); O. Goebel, Von Ural bis Sachalin (1913); F. Nansen, Through Siberia (1914, with a valuable appendix on the Kara Sea) and "The Sea Route to Siberia" in Geographical Journal (May 1914); M. D. Haviland, A Summer on the Yenisei (1915); M. A. Czaplicka, My Siberian Year (1916); I. W. Shklovsky, In Far North East Siberia (1916); K. Wiedenfeld, Sibirien in Kultur und Wirtschaft (1916). (R. N. R. B.)
SICKERT, WALTER RICHARD (1860–), British painter, was born at Munich, May 31 1860, the son of the painter, Oswald Adalbert Sickert, a well-known contributor to Fliegende Blätter, and grandson of Johannes Sickert of Altona, painter and lithographer. Walter Sickert studied painting and etching under Whistler in Tite Street, Chelsea, but in 1885, following the advice of Degas, began to paint from drawings instead of from nature. His first work on these lines, "Mammoth Comique," was published in the Yellow Book. The dramatic quality of his work owes much to his study of the technique of wood engraving and to his interest in the work of John Leech and Charles Keene, while he was also much influenced by Wilhelm Busch (see 4.869) and Adolf Oberländer (see 19.946). His subject pictures include "Mamma mia po' areta" (1903), "Noctes Ambrosianae" (1906), "The Camden Town Murder" (1906), "Army and Navy" (1913), "Ennui" (1914), "Sinn Fein" (1915), "Pierrots on Brighton Beach at Night" (1915), "Baccarat at Dieppe" (1920) and "Supper at the Casino" (1920). He also produced some architectural paintings, including "Hotel Royal, Dieppe" (1900), "Miracoli" (1903), "Lansdowne Crescent" (1917) and "Pulteney Bridge" (1918), while his best known landscapes are "The Happy Valley" (1919) and "The Priory of Auberville" (1919). Examples of his work are in the British Museum, Tate Gallery, Bibliothèque
Nationale, the Luxemburg and the art galleries of Manchester and Johannesburg. He became a member of the Société du Salon d'Automne, the Society of Twelve and the International Society, and was a fellow of the Royal Society of Painters, Etchers and Engravers. As a teacher he exercised a strong influence over the younger school of British painters.
SICKLES, DANIEL EDGAR (1825–1914), American soldier and diplomatist (see 25.36), died in New York City, May 3 1914. In 1912 after having served for more than a quarter of a century as chairman of the New York Monuments Commission he was removed following the discovery of a shortage of $27,000. His last years were disturbed by financial difficulties.
SIDGWICK, ARTHUR (1840–1920), English scholar (see 25.39) was in his later years an ardent advocate of the abolition of compulsory Greek at Oxford, both in the interest of the classics and with the view of extending the field whence the university should draw its students. He was also a warm supporter of the admission of women to the university degrees, as he
