major teams practically cancelled their schedules during the two following years, but in the army and navy every unit had its team. A full schedule was played by the A.E.F., the winners being the 8gth Div. team, captained and coached by Captain Gerhardt of West Point. The resumption of college games in the east in 1919 showed that college football had lost none of its popularity. One of the strongest teams of 1919 was that of Pennsylvania State College, though Harvard went through the season without experiencing defeat. Despite a tie with Harvard, Princeton was generally con- ceded to have had the best team turned out in the east in 1920, the first really normal year of play after the war. The tendency among colleges was more and more towards open play, with much kicking and forward passing. The east, however, continued to play a far more conservative game than was popular in the west and south. Among the colleges of the middle west the strongest teams were Michigan (1910), Minnesota and Michigan (1911), Wisconsin (1912), Chicago (1913), Illinois (1914), Illinois and Minnesota (1915), Ohio State (1916-7), Illinois (1918-9), Ohio State (1920). Ohio State, champions of the middle-west group in 1920, played an intersectional match at Pasadena at the Festival of Roses in that year with the university of California, and was badly defeated. The large attendance at football matches led to the construction of immense stadiums of concrete and steel to accommodate the crowds. Two of these stadiums, those at Harvard and at Syracuse University, had been constructed before 1910; after that year there were built a number of others, among which the most noteworthy were, perhaps, those at the university of Chicago, Yale (the " Yale Bowl "), the university of Michigan, Princeton (the Palmer Memorial stadium), the university of Pennsylvania and the college of the City of New York. The greatest of these structures, the Yale Bowl, has exterior dimensions of 940 by 744 ft. and a permanent seating capacity of 61,000. This huge amphitheatre cost more than $500,000 and is considerably larger than the Roman Colosseum, which had a seating capacity of about 45,000. The Palmer stadium at Princeton pro- vides seats for 41,000 and cost $350,000.
The Association game made remarkable gains in popularity not only among American colleges and the country clubs, but among the big industries as well. Each year the United States Football Assn. conducted a national cup competition, the final round of which was won in 1920 by the Ben Miller Athletic Club of St. Louis from the Fall River Club of Quincy, Mass. Previous winners include the Bethlehem Steel Co., the Fall River Rovers, and the Brooklyn Field Club.
Baseball, the universal American sport, occupied the attention of the public in the United States chiefly as a professional game in which the leading cities were represented by baseball teams com- prising two major leagues the American and the National. At the end of each year the winning teams of the two leagues played what was known as the world series for the championship. During 1910-20 these contests were by far the most popular of all annual sporting events. This is indicated by the attendance and gate receipts, which in 1920 were 174,414 and $564,800, respectively, and in 1919, 236,928 and $722,414, as against an attendance of 125,222 and receipts of $173,980 in 1910. In the following list of world- series contests since 1910, the name of the winning team is given first, that of the losing team second, and the score in games third: 1910, Philadelphia (American League) vs. Chicago (National League), 41 ; 1911, Philadelphia (A.L.) vs. New York (N.L.), 42;
1912, Boston (A.L.) vs. New York (N.L.), 4 3, one game tied;
1913, Philadelphia (A.L.) vs. New York (N.L.), 41; 1914, Boston (N.L.) vs. Philadelphia (A.L.), 4 o; 1915, Boston (A.L.) vs. Phila- delphia (N.L.), 41 ; 1916, Boston (A.L.) vs. Brooklyn (N.L.), 41 ; 1917, Chicago (A.L.) vs. New York (N.L.), 42; 1918, Boston (A.L.) vs. Chicago (N.L.), 4 2; 1919 Cincinnati (N.L.) vs. Chicago (A.L.), 53; 1920, Cleveland (A.L.) vs. Brooklyn (N.L.), 52. In 1914 an attempt was made to organize athird major league, known as the Federal, but this was unsuccessful, and at the end of the following season it was amalgamated with the two older leagues. After 1919 baseball was for a time under a cloud, owing to charges that certain members of the Chicago American League team had been bribed by outside persons to lose the 1919 world series. The accused players were expelled from organized baseball, and there was a general overhauling, with the result that final authority over the game was given to Kenesaw Mountain Landis, a Federal judge known for his proficiency in the law and his knowledge of baseball. During the World War American soldiers carried the game to England and France, where it was a favorite diversion in the camps of Canadian and U.S. soldiers. The professional game enjoyed an extraordinary revival after the war, the crowds breaking all records, especially since Sunday playing was more generally permitted by law than before. Colleges generally resumed the game, though interest in college baseball was slight in comparison with interest in college football.
Lawn Tennis. American players, during 1910-21, were in the forefront, but an increasingly high standard of play was being shown among other nationalities besides the British and American, notably the French and Japanese. The International Davis Cup was won by Australia in 1911 and 1914, by the British Isles in 1912, and by the United States in 1913 and 1920. In 1911 the United States team (Lamed, McLoughlin, Little and Bundy), were beaten by
Australia (Brookes, Dunlop and Heath) after beating Great Britain (Dixon, Lowe and Beamish). In 1912 Great Britain (Dixon, Parke and Beamish) defeated Australia (Brookes, Heath and Dunlop). In 1913 the United States (Hackett, McLoughlin, Little and Williams) beat Great Britain (Parker, Dixon, and Roper-Barrett). In 1914 Australia (Brookes, Wilding, Dunlop and Doust) beat the United States (McLoughlin, Williams, Behr and Bundy); Mc- Loughlin defeated Brookes in a memorable match (14-16, 63, 63), and Wilding by 62, 63, 2-6 and 6-2, but McLoughlin and Bundy lost the doubles to Brookes and Wilding. In 1920 the United States (Hardy, Johnston, Tilden, Williams and Garland) defeated Great Britain, France and Australia.
In the English singles (world's) championships A. F. Wilding won in 1911, 1912 and 1913; N. E. Brookes in 1914; G. L. Patterson in 1919; and W. T. Tilden in 1920 and 1921. Mrs. Lambert Cham- bers won the English ladies' singles in 1911, 1913 and 1914; Mrs. Larcombe in 1912; and Mile. S. Lenglen in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In the English covered court championship A. H. Gobert won the singles in 1911, 1912, 1920 and 1921; Gobert and M. J. G. Ritchie won the doubles in 1911, Wilding and S. N. Doust won the doubles in 1912 and 1913. P. M. Davson won the English singles in 1913 and 1919. In 1914 Ritchie won the English singles and in 1914 and 1921 T. M. Mavrogordato and Davson won the doubles. In 1919 the English doubles were won by R. Lycett and R. W. Heath, and in 1920 by Gobert and Lycett.
In the United States, William A. Larned won the championship for the seventh time in 1911, his experience proving too much for the challenger, Maurice F. McLoughlin; the doubles went to Ray- mond D. Little and Gustave Touchard, while Miss Hazel Hotchkiss won the women's title for the third time. In 1912 McLoughlin won the American championship, Larned not being in the tournament; McLoughlin and Thomas Bundy won the doubles from Little and Touchard, and Mary Browne won the women's championship. The outbreak of war in 1914 robbed the Newport tournament of interest. The German team was interned in England on the way home. Meantime Williams won the national title, and McLoughlin and Bundy the doubles. In 1915 much attention was paid to building up the junior tournaments. There was no international competition. William M. Johnston, of California won the championship. With Clarence J. Griffin, another Californian, he also won the doubles. Miss Molla Bjurstedt (later Mrs. Mallory), won the women's championship. In 1916 the United States was the world's lawn- tennis centre. The season was marked by the appearance of two Japanese players, Kumagae and Mikami, in the principal tourna- ments. Williams won the national singles title, Johnston and Griffin the doubles. Miss Bjurstedt took every title she contested. In 1917, with the United States in the war, tennis was transferred to the army and navy, all the ranking 10 players being in the services. The " patriotic " singles, in lieu of a national championship, was won by R. L. Murray, a Californian settled in the east. In 1918 R. L. Murray won the title in straight sets from William T. Tilden. Tilden and Vincent Richards won the doubles title. In 1919 Johns- ton won the singles title from Tilden, while Brookes and Gerald Patterson, from Australia, took the doubles. Brookes, Patterson, Lycett and Thomas, of Australia, invaded the United States, but were beaten at Forest Hills, 4 matches to o, by Johnston and Williams, and in the doubles by Tilden and Johnston. In 1920 Tilden won back the singles titles from Johnston, while Johnston and Griffin won the doubles.
Polo. The United States retained the cup against England at Meadowbrook in 1911, winning by 2 to o, the American team consisting of the famous " big four," Lawrence Waterbury and J. M. Waterbury (forwards), Harry Payne Whitney (No. 3), and Devereux Milburn (back) ; in 1913 the same team won again by 2 matches to p. In 1914 Lord Wimborne's team took the trophy to Great Britain winning 2 straight matches from an American team consisting of Milburn, who played both 3 and back, the two Waterburys, and Rene La Montagne. In 1921 an American invasion of Hurlingham was led by Devereux Milburn, whose team, consisting of himself at back, J. Watson Webb at No. 3, Thomas Hitchcock, Jr., at No. 2, and Louis E. Stoddard at No. I, brought the cup back to the United States winning 2 straight matches by 1 1 to 4 and 10 to 6.
Yachting. Just before the outbreak of the war Sir Thomas Lipton renewed his challenge for the America's Cup, there having been no races since 1903. " Shamrock IV.," a much-criticized boat, was sent to a drydock in Brooklyn, while " Resolute " and " Vanitie " reappeared and contested the right to sail as defender. The thir- teenth series of races for this trophy was not sailed until July 15-27 1920, off Sandy Hook. The challenger was designed by C. E. Nicholson and was sailed by Capt. William P. Burton, an amateur skipper. Capt. Andrew Jackson Applegate, an American familiar with conditions on this course, acted as professional pilot. The defender was " Resolute," winner of 7 out of 13 races against " Vanitie," 4 being won by the latter and 2 called off. " Resolute " was built by a syndicate of New York yachtsmen, composed of J. P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Arthur Curtiss James, George F. Baker and others. The skipper was the well-known amateur, Charles Francis Adams of Boston. The sailing-master was Capt. Chris Christensen, he and the mates being of Scandinavian birth, but American citizens. The defender was designed by Nat. Herres-
