men was held up and 19 of the number shot, and also the raid on Columbus, Tex., in March 1916, when the city was fired and 17 of the inhabitants killed. A punitive expedition under Gen. Pershing crossed the border March 16, and operated in the bor- der states for n months, but did not succeed in capturing Villa. After Obregon's seizure of the presidential power in 1920 Villa was eliminated from political and military activity, and settled in the hacienda La Canutilla, Durango. (H. I. P.)
VILLARI, PASQUALE (1827-1917), Italian historian and statesman (see 28.76), was invested in 1910 with the order of the Annunziata. He died at Florence Dec. 5 1917.
VINCENT, GEORGE EDGAR (1864- ), American educationist, was born at Rockford, 111., March 21 1864. He was a son
of John Heyl Vincent (d. 1920), a bishop of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church and one of the founders of the Chautauqua
Assembly in 1874 (see 6.19). After graduating from Yale in 1885
he began editorial work and in 1886 was made literary editor of
the Chautauqua Press. Henceforth he was active in the work
at Chautauqua, was president of the Chautauqua Institution
from 1907 to 1915 and thereafter honorary president. In 1892
he was appointed fellow at the university of Chicago, receiving
his Ph.D. in 1896. He taught at Chicago as instructor, assistant
professor, associate professor, and from 1904 to 1911 as professor
of sociology. He was dean of the junior colleges from 1900 to
1907 and then for four years was dean of the faculties of arts,
literature and sciences. From 1911 to 1917 he was president of
the university of Minnesota. In 1917 he was chosen president of
the Rockefeller Foundation in New York City; he had been a
member of the General Education Board since 1914. He was
author of An Introduction to the Study of Society (1895, with
Albion W. Small) and The Social Mind and Education (1897).
VINOGRADOFF, SIR PAUL (1854- ), Anglo-Russian jurist
(see 28.100), was knighted in 1917. His more recent works
include Common Sense in Law (Home University Library, 1914),
Self -Government in Russia (1915), and editions of various works
for the British Academy and Selden Society. During the World
War he gave valuable assistance to the British Foreign Office
in connexion with Russian affairs.
VINTON, FREDERIC PORTER (1846-1911), American por-
trait painter (see 28.101), died in Boston, Mass., May 19 1911.
VIRGINIA (see 28.117). The pop. in 1920 was 2,309,187; an increase since 1910 of 247,575, or I2 %> as against an increase for
the decade 1900-10 of 207,428, or 11-2%. Negroes numbered
690,017, as compared with 671,096 in 1910. The urban pop.
(in places having more than 2,500 inhabitants) was in 1920
29-2% and in 1910 23-1% of the whole.
The pop. of the principal cities and its increase were:
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1920
1910
Percentage Increase
Richmond .
171,667
127,628
34-5
Norfolk
"5,777
67,452
71-6
Portsmouth
54,387
33,190
63-9
Roanoke
50,842
34,874
45-8
Newport News .
35-596
20,205
76-2
Petersburg .
31,012
24,127
28-5
Lynchburg .
30,070
29,494
2-O
Danville
21,539
19,020
13-2
Alexandria .
18,060
15,329
17-8
The great increase in Newport News, Norfolk and Portsmouth was largely due to industries related to the World War.
Agriculture. In 1920 Virginia ranked as twenty-third state in value of agricultural products, $187,038,000 as compared with {100,531,000 in 1908. The production of the staple crops was:
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1920
1909
Corn (bus.) .
50,100,000
38,295,141
Wheat "
11,425,000
8,076,989
Oats "...
4,818,000
2,284,495
Rye "...
864,000
438,345
Barley "...
405,000
253,649
Buckwheat (bus.)
540,000
332,222
Tobacco (Ib.)
I77;390,ooo
132,979,390
Hay (tons) .
1,235,000
823,383
Peanuts (bus.) .
4,416,000
4,284,340
Potatoes "
13,608,000
8,770,778
Cotton (bales) .
19,000
10,480
An important element was the increased activity of the State Department of Agriculture. In addition to seed testing and the inspection of fertilizers a division of markets was established and plants were opened to supply lime to farmers at cost. Fruit crops in 1920 were large, the production of apples being 15,210,000 bus., peaches 1,470,000 and pears 296,000.
Minerals. The mining and quarrying industry in 1919 showed a considerable increase since 1909 in the number of enterprises, a slight increase in the capital invested, and a large increase in the value of products. But there was a decrease in the number of individual mines and quarries and a slight decrease in the number of persons engaged in the industry. The statistics were:
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1919
1909
Per cent Increase
Enterprises .... Mines and quarries . Persons engaged Wage earners Capital .... Value of products
202 216
15,537 H.547 $57,035.775 29.363.449
15 244 15,960
15.257 $55-992,693 8,795,646
34-7 -ii-S -2-7
-4-7 1-9 233-8
Virginia in 1920 was the leading state in the production of iron pyrites and soapstpne, third in the production of lime and man- ganese, and sixth in mineral waters. The figures for mining and mineral water industries in 1919 were as follows:
Estabs.
Capital
Product
Coal ....
109
$48,978,261
9,111,454 tons
Iron ....
!4
895,555
308,000
Manganese
47
2,489,400
13,665 "
Mineral waters
18
848,283
1.745,105 gal.
Pyrites
5
2,550,854
143,427 tons (1918)
Soapstone .
4
617,887
$527-524
Millstones, and sand
and gravel
6
522,152
$733,074
Slate ....
3,654,000
$264,275
Miscellaneous ores .
1,587,491
1,313439 tons
Lime ....
26,700 "
Manufactures. Manufacturing industries made less progress than agriculture between 1910 and 1920. The following statistics for 1919 are the preliminary figures of the I4th Census; those for 1909 from the I3th Census:
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1919
1909
Establishments . Capital invested . Materials .... Value of products Value added by manufacture Wage earners (average)
5,603 $464,517,000 372,041,000 641,810,000 269,769,000 119,368
5,685 $216,392,000 155.320,000 219,794,000 108,719,000 105,676
Government. Between 1910 and 1920 10 amendments to the state constitution were adopted. Local government was the subject of four amendments. In 1910 the state constitution was amended to permit the re-election of county treasurers and commissioners of revenue, and in 1912 another amendment permitted the re-election of city treasurers and commissioners of revenue. In 1912 the Legislature was empowered to classify cities according to population and to provide forms of city and town government, but cities with over 50,000 pop. were permitted to have special forms of government. Under this amendment the Legislature provided for general charters under the commission, or manager, form, but in 1920 another amendment was ratified which permitted Legislature to provide special forms of government for any city on condition that the sections of the constitution regarding franchises, changes in city boundaries, public debts and the assessment of property were not violated. In 1920 another amendment removed the requirement of residence within the municipality as qualification for appointment to office in a city government when technical training was requisite. In 1920, also, the construction of roads was made a proper subject for state debt, and other amendments bearing on education were adopted.
Finance. The valuation of property assessed for taxation in 1910 was $756,194,480; in 1920 it was $1,459,762,653. In 1910 the.public debt was $24,956,959 ; in 1919 it was $23, 561, 823. In 1910 the state's income and disbursements combined were $11,333,490; in 1920 they were $18,442,324. The long-standing controversy between Virginia and West Virginia concerning the division of the state debt as it existed in 1860 was finally settled in 1915 by the Supreme Court of the United States. The amount to be assumed by the state of West Virginia was fixed at $12,393,929 (see WEST VIRGINIA). Between 1910 and 1920 notable reforms were made in taxation and financial administration. A special tax commission was appointed in 1910 to recommend measures for the segregation of property for taxation. In 1912 the commission recommended the establishment of a permanent tax commission with power to investigate and to submit plans. A second special commission was then appointed; in 1915 a majority report recommended a revision of assessments
