troops and Ch'ên fled in disguise to Kwangtung where he learned of his appointment by the Prince of T'ang in Fukien as Grand Secretary of the Tung-ko (東閣), but declined the offer. After the capture of the Prince of T'ang (October 6, 1646), a new court was established at Chao-ch'ing, Kwangtung, headed by Chu Yu-lang [q. v.] who appointed Chên (December 24, 1646) concurrently Grand Secretary of the Chung-chi tien 中極殿, president of the Board of War, and supervisor of military affairs of five provinces. But the appointment did not reach Chên until some five months later (April 1647). Meanwhile Canton was taken (January 20, 1647) by the Manchu troops under Li Ch'êng-tung [q. v.], and Chên fled to Chiu-chiang, a commercial town southwest of Nan-hai, where Chên organized (July 29, 1647) an army which he called the Han-wei Troops 漢威營. He and Ch'ên Pang-yen (see under Ch'ên Kung-yin) and Chang Chia-yü 張家玉 (T. 子元, 玄子, 芷園, d. Nov. 6, 1647, age 33 sui) attempted several times to dislodge the Ch'ing forces from Canton, but failed. On November 25, 1647 he was captured and six days later was executed. By the Ming court he was given (1648) the posthumous name Wên-chung 文忠.
Chên Tzŭ-chuang left the following works: 練要堂前集 Lien-yao t'ang ch'ien-chi, in 6 chüan; Lien-yao t'ang hou- (後) chi, in 5 chüan; 經制考略 Ching-chih k'ao-lüeh, in 8 chüan; and 昭代經濟言, Chao-tai ching-chi yen, in 14 chüan, a collection of essays by Ming writers, printed in 1626.
[M.1/278/17b; M.36/5/1a; M.40/74/22b; M.41/6/21b, 13/28b, 14/32b, 35a; M.59/29/1a; M.64/辛7/7b; National Sun Yat-sen University Monthly (1935) vol. 3, no. 3; Chang Po-chên 張伯楨, Chang Chia-yü chuan (傳), in 滄海叢書 Ts'ang-hai ts'ung-shu, 4th series (1935).]
CH'ÊN Tzŭ-lung 陳子龍 (T. 卧子, 懋中, H. 軼符, after 1645 大撙; monastic name 信衷, T. 瓢栗 H. 潁川明逸), July 12, 1605–1647, June 15, Ming author and patriot, was a native of Hua-t'ing (present Sung-chiang), Kiangsu. He wrote poetry and prose in the style required in the examinations (ku-wên), being particularly adept in the p'ien-t'i, 駢體 or paired sentence style. He was a member of the politico-literary society, Fu-shê (see under Chang P'u), and of a smaller local group, Chi-shê 幾社. A chin-shih of 1637, he was on his way to the post of police magistrate, of Hui-chou, Kwangtung, when his step-mother died. During the three years of mourning at home he studied in various fields. In 1638 he and two associates compiled the 皇明經世文編 Huang-Ming ching-shih wên-pien, in 508 chüan, a collection of essays and memorials to emperors of the Ming dynasty concerning political and economic problems. In the following year (1639), while this was being printed, he edited Hsü Kuang-ch'i's [q. v.] 農政全書 Nung-chêng ch'üan-shu, a comprehensive work in 60 chüan on agricultural science, from original manuscripts entrusted to him in 1635 by Hsü's second grandson, Hsü Êr-chüeh (爵, see under Hsü Kuang-ch'i). The book was printed by two local officials and in 1643 was presented to the throne by the third grandson, Hsü Êr-tou (see under Hsü Kuang-ch'i), who was awarded the post of a secretary in the Grand Secretariat. This work served as the basis for the compilation, by imperial order, of the work on agriculture, 授時通考 Shou-shih t'ung-k'ao, in 78 chüan, completed in 1742. Believing the original edition of the Nung-ch'êng ch'üan-shu to be too long, Ch'ên revised and contracted it to 46 chüan.
In 1640 Ch'ên Tzŭ-lung was appointed police magistrate of Shao-hsing, Chekiang. There he carried on some social relief work and patronized such literary men as P'êng Sun-i [q. v.], and the so-called Ten Poets of Hangchow (西冷十子). For his services in quelling a local uprising, early in 1644, he was named a supervising censor and sent to Chekiang to inspect the military defenses of the province. Before he assumed office, however, Peking fell and he went to serve the Prince of Fu (see under Chu Yu-sung) at Nanking. As his aggressive military program was ignored by the prince, and his agitation for reform in the court was unpalatable to Ma Shih-ying [q. v.], he resigned. In 1645 he undertook the defense of his native Sung-chiang against the Manchu invaders and was given posts by the Ming courts, both of the Prince of Lu (see under Chu I-hai) and of the Prince of T'ang (see under Chu Yü-chien). When the city fell (September 22, 1645), he fled to the mountains and disguised himself as a Buddhist priest. Then he lived with his ninety-year-old grandmother in the home of a disciple until she died the following spring. At this time Wu Yang 吳昜 (or I 易 T. 日生), who had been defeated by the Manchus in the previous year, rallied his scattered forces east of Lake T'ai-hu, near Soochow, gained several victories and was made Earl of
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