this war with the Gurkas than the Chinese themselves, for it served as an entering wedge in their relations with the unresponsive and indifferent Nepal Government. The Gurkas, severely pressed by their seemingly invincible foes, appealed to the East India Company of Bengal for troops. Fearing reprisals against the lucrative trade in Canton the Company refused their repeated requests, but offered instead to serve as mediators in the dispute. To this the Gurkas agreed, but before William Kirkpatrick, envoy of the East India Company reached the capital of Nepal in 1793, the war was already over. Nevertheless, the relations between Nepal and the British Empire thus began.
Early in 1795 the Miao tribes living in the mountainous region at the junction of the provinces of Kweichow, Hunan, and Szechwan, rose in rebellion and seized several small cities, killing or driving out local officials and plundering and murdering a large number of Chinese. As soon as the emperor was apprised of the seriousness of the situation, Fu-k'ang-an, who was then governor-general of Yunnan and Kweichow, together with Ho-lin and Pi Yüan [qq. v.], governors-general of adjacent provinces, was sent against the rebels. In spite of the superiority of the imperial troops, both in numbers and equipment, the Miao continued to hold their ground and the campaign was a prolonged one. Whether the ineffectualness of the imperial troops may be accounted for by the rough terrain which hindered them, as it helped the enemy, is not clear, but it is certain that the campaign was carried on in a half-hearted manner and continued a number of years. Those in command, as well as Ho-shên, who was in control at Peking, took every opportunity to advance their personal interests. Reports of false victories brought new honors from the emperor, and the personal fortunes of those in command were augmented from the large sums repeatedly appropriated for further military purposes. For his part in the reputed success of the enterprise Fu-k'ang-an was made a prince of the fourth degree (貝子) with the privileges of an imperial prince of the same rank. Though there were Chinese in the early Ch'ing period who received the rank of prince, and though there were Mongolian princes of varying degrees, he was the only Manchu outside the imperial family who, while living, received such an exalted rank. Fu-k'ang-an died in camp in June 1796 and was posthumously made a prince of the second degree (郡王) and his tablet was placed in the Imperial Ancestral Hall along with the illustrious founders of the dynasty. His name was celebrated, both in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen and the Temple of the Zealots of the Dynasty, and a special temple to his memory was ordered erected near his home. He was canonized as Wên-hsiang 文襄. Three of his portraits were hung in the Tzŭ-kuang ko to commemorate his bravery in the campaigns of Chin-ch'uan, Formosa, and against the Gurkas, respectively.
Emperor Jên-tsung did not, however, share his father's high regard for Fu-k'ang-an. He repeatedly blamed him posthumously for extravagant practises in the army, and in 1808 reduced his son, Tê-lin, from his inherited rank of a prince of the third degree to that of the fourth degree.
[1/336/1a; 2/26/12a; 3/34/1a; 7/22/1a; 1/534/1a; Chao-lien [q. v.], Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu and hsü-lu, passim; Li Tsung-fang 李宗昉, Wên-miao-hsiang shih wên-chi, 13/1a; Wei Yüan [q. v.], Shêng-wu chi; Kirkpatrick, An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul, (1811); Imbault-Huart, "Histoire de la Conquête du Népal par les Chinois" in Journal Asiatique, 1878, 7th series, vol. 12, pp. 348–77.]
FU-lin 福臨 (Buddhist name 行癡, H. 癡道人, 太和主人, 體元齋主人), Mar. 15, 1638–1661, Feb. 5, first Manchu emperor of China, whose reign-period, Shun-chih 順治, covered the years 1644 to 1661, was the ninth son of Abahai [q. v.]. His mother, Empress Hsiao-chuang [q. v.], daughter of a Mongolian prince, was a secondary consort when he was born. His father died September 21, 1643, after seventeen illustrious years as ruler in Liaotung, having subdued Korea and the nearby Mongolian tribes, humiliated the Ming troops and centralized the power in his own hands. Soon after his father's death a council of state, held in Mukden, determined that Fu-lin, then a lad of barely six (sui), should succeed as ruler with Jirgalang and Dorgon [qq. v.] as prince regents. The choice was the result of a compromise among various Court factions, some of whom had supported Haoge [q. v.] and others Dorgon. Even after the decision was made some conspirators tried to persuade Dorgon to rule, but they were apprehended and executed. Fu-lin thus ascended the throne on October 8, 1643.
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