military quarters of Kao Chieh [q. v.]. When the Manchu forces crossed the Yangtze River in 1645 his family resettled in his native Shang-ch'iu. He competed again in the Honan provincial examination of 1651, but was unsuccessful, and died three and a half years later at the early age of thirty-seven.
One of the best known essayists of his time, Hou Fang-yü revived the style of Han Yü (see under Mao Chin) of the T'ang and of Ou-yang Hsiu (see under Shao Chin-han) of the Sung dynasties. A younger contemporary, Sung Lao [q. v.], had Hou Fang-yü's collected essays printed with those of Wang Wan and Wei Hsi [qq. v.], and the trio came to be known as the "Three Masters of the Early Ch'ing Period" (清初三大家). These essays, entitled 壯悔堂文集 Chuang-hui-t'ang wên-chi, in 10 chüan, were first printed in 1656. Hou's collected verse, 四憶堂詩集 Ssŭ-i t'ang shih-chi, in 6 chüan, was printed by Sung Lao a little later. Hou Fang-yü had a good knowledge of music and was deeply interested in dramatics. He owned, after the manner of well-to-do contemporaries, a group of boy actors who were said to be among the best trained of their day. The names of Hou Fang-Yüand his mistress, Li Hsiang-chün 李香君, appear as the hero and heroine of the famous drama known as T'ao-hua shan (see under K'ung Shang-jên). His second brother, Hou Fang-hsia 侯方夏, became a chin-shih in 1646 in the first examination which the Ch'ing dynasty conducted in the traditional Chinese style.
[1/489/4b; 3/423/14a; 1/136/2b; 20/1/00 (portrait); 年譜 Nien-p'u by a 5th generation descendant, Hou Hsün 侯洵, appears in Chuang-hui t'ang chi; Shang-ch'iu-hsien chih (1885) 9/31b.]
HOU T'ung-tsêng 侯峒曾 (T. 豫瞻, H. 廣成), 1591–1645, Aug. 25, official and martyr to the Ming cause, was a native of Chia-ting, Kiangsu. A chin-shih of 1625, he served in various posts in Kiangsi and Chekiang and was commended as one of the five best local administrators in the empire. He was associated with the Fu-shê 復社, politico-literary party, of which his younger brother, Hou Ch'i-tsêng 侯𡸷曾, was a member. In 1644 he was appointed vice-governor of Peking but before he assumed office the city fell. When the Ming Prince of Fu (see Chu Yu-sung) assigned him a post he pleaded illness and retired to his native Chia-ting. At this time the turncoat general, Li Ch'êng-tung [q. v.], was stationed at Wusung and oppressing the people. The latter chose Hou T'ung-tsêng as their leader and prepared to hold Chia-ting against the government forces. Cooperating with Huang Ch'un-yüeh [q. v.], Hou defeated Li in two engagements, but on August 25, 1645, after the walls had been washed away by a flood, the Ch'ing forces entered the city and started the first of the three wholesale massacres of the district in that year, known as Chia-ting san-t'u 嘉定三屠. Hou Tung-tsêng threw himself into the pool behind the family ancestral hall, but before he was dead soldiers dragged him out, decapitated him, and exposed his head on the city wall.
The Ming Prince of T'ang (see Chu Yü-chien) gave him the posthumous rank of president of the Board of War; in 1722 the district built a hall in honor of him, his brother and his father; and in 1776 he was given the group name Chung-chieh 忠節. He left a commentary on the Classic of Changes, entitled 易解 I-chieh, 4 chüan, and a collection of prose (文集) in 40 chüan. His literary collection, entitled 仍貽堂集 Jêng-i t'ang chi 2 chüan, was printed in the collectanea, Ch'ien-k'un chêng-ch'i chi (see under Huang Tao-chou).
[M.277/15a; Chia-ting-hsien chih (1882) 17/6a, 2/25b; M.59/46/19a; 南疆逸史 Nan-chiang i-shih 25/1a; 嘉定縣乙酉紀事 Chia-ting-hsien i-yu chi-shih, in 痛史 T'ung-shih XI, 1a; 明季南略 Ming-chi nan-lüeh 9/15a.]
HOWQUA. See under Wu Ch'ung-yüeh.
HSI-tsung. Temple name of Chu Yu-chiao.
HSIANG Jung 向榮 (T. 欣然), d. Aug. 9, 1856, age 56 (sui), general, was a native of Ta-ning, Szechwan, but made his residence in Ku-yuan, Kansu. Enlisting in the local garrison, he was soon made a sergeant and took part in 1813 in the quelling of the rebellion at Hua-hsien, Honan (see under Na-yen-ch'êng). In 1826–28 he took part as a captain in a campaign against the Mohammedan uprising in Chinese Turkestan (see under Ch'ang-ling). Appointed a major in 1832, he was transferred to Chihli in the following year and, after various promotions, served in that province as brigade-general in command of a garrison at Chêng-ting (1842–43) and then at T'ung-chou and Yung-p'ing (1843–47). In 1847 he was t'i-tu or provincial commander-in-chief of Szechwan and three years later was transferred to Hunan.
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