bravery of the civilians. The whole case was clearly a conspiracy, but no one dared to defend the victim. Ch'ai was forced to sign a confession and on this ground he was slated for execution. In August he was delivered to Peking for re-examination, but he refused to admit his "crimes", asserting that his confession was obtained by force. When questioned by the emperor he denounced the injustice done him and even argued with the emperor. For this breach of etiquette he was beheaded on or about August 22, 1788. Later his son was banished to Ili as a slave.
According to Chao-lien [q. v.], the rebellion in Formosa might easily have been suppressed if the command had not been entrusted to Ch'ang-ch'ing who was already in his seventies and knew nothing about the conduct of war. Chao-lien praised Ch'ai for his courage and perseverance in defending T'ai-wan-fu and Chu-lo and remarked that a number of famous commanders in the following decades owed their rise to the training and encouragement they received from Ch'ai.
[1/335/5a; 2/25/41b; Wei Yüan [q. v.], Shêng-wu chi, chüan 8; Chiang-shan hsien chih (1873), 9/27b; Tung-hua lu, Ch'ien-lung 51–3; 淡水廳志 Tan-shui t'ing chih (1871), 11a-18a; Chao-lien [q. v.], Hsiao-t'ing tsa-lu, chüan 6; Davidson, J. W., The Island of Formosa (1903), pp. 78–81.]
CHANG Chao 張照 (T. 得天, H. 涇南, 天瓶) 1691–1745, Feb. 19, official, painter, and calligrapher, was a native of Lou-hsien, Kiangsu. He took his chin-shih degree in 1709, became a corrector in the Hanlin Academy (1712), and served (1715) in the Imperial Study (see under Chang Ying). After filling various posts, such as junior deputy supervisor of instruction (1723) and chief examiner in the Yunnan provincial examination (1726), he was appointed (1731) sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat. Early in 1733 he was made senior vice-president of the Board of Punishments, a few months later president of the Censorate, and in the following year president of the Board of Punishments. At the time of the insurrection of the Miao in Kweichow in the summer of 1735, he volunteered to pacify those tribes and, before setting out, was granted the title of Fu-ting Miao-chiang Ta-Ch'ên (撫定苗疆大臣). But owing to his lack of cooperation with General Ha Yüan-shêng [q. v.] and to the failure of the enterprise as a whole he was dismissed and imprisoned and the task of pacifying the Miao was entrusted to Chang Kuang-ssŭ [q. v.]. Although sentenced to die (1736), Chang Chao was pardoned by Emperor Kao-tsung, owing, it is said, to their mutual interest in calligraphy. In 1737 Chang was reinstated in his post as sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat and was ordered to serve in the Imperial Study. In 1740 he was made vice-president of the Board of Punishments and in the following year he and the Manchu prince, Yin-lu [q. v.], were commanded to re-examine and enlarge the 律呂正義 Lü-lü chêng-i, a work on ceremonial music in 5 chüan which was ordered to be compiled in 1713, and was printed in 1724. The result was a much more extensive work in 120 chüan entitled Lü-lü chêng-i hou-pien (後編), printed in 1746, a supplement in 8 chüan being added in 1789. In 1742 Chang Chao was installed as president of the Board of Punishments and was concurrently in charge of the Office of State Music. Early in 1745, when on the way to attend the funeral of his father, he took ill and died in Hsü-chou, Kiangsu. He was canonized as Wên-min 文敏.
Chang Chao was skilled in many forms of calligraphy, but preferred to follow the styles set by Tung Ch'i-ch'ang [q. v.]. His penmanship was so like that of Emperor Kao-tsung that he is reported to have written many of the documents and scripts attributed to that emperor in the early years of his reign. Some specimens of Chang Chao's calligraphic skill appear in an album, entitled 天瓶齋帖 T'ien-p'ing chai t'ieh, and others are preserved in the Palace Museum, Peiping. A collection of colophons he wrote, entitled T'ien-p'ing chai shu hua t'i-pa 書畫題跋, 2 chüan, was printed in 1773, and was reprinted, with a supplement, in the collectanea, 內子叢編 Ping-tzǔ ts'ung-pien of 1936.
As an artist, Chang Chao excelled in various fields, particularly in the painting of plum blossoms. He is listed first among the compilers of the 石渠寶笈 Shih-ch'ü pao-chi and the 秘殿珠林 Pi-tien chu-lin, two well-known catalogues of paintings and specimens of calligraphy that are preserved in the various halls of the Palace. The former, a work in 44 chüan was commissioned in 1744, completed in 1745, and first printed in 1918. One supplement of 88 chüan was ordered to be compiled in 1793, another of 108 chüan in 1817. The Pi-tien chu-lin, a catalogue in 24 chüan of paintings and examples of calligraphy by Buddhist and Taoist priests, was ordered to be compiled in January 1744 and was completed in the summer of that year. It, too, was recently printed. One supplement of 8
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