again in 1656—arrested by the Manchus and sentenced to die for his political activities, but was saved by the help of his elder brother and their faithful friends.
Realizing then that there was no hope for the restoration of the defunct dynasty, he turned to the study of the Classics, making the Classic of Changes his special pursuit. Later he left home to make his living by the sale of medicines and objects of art produced by his own hands, such as paintings, calligraphy and carved ink-stones. His work, 周易象辭 Chou-i hsiang-tz'ŭ, in 21 chüan, with two short supplementary treatises, in 尋門餘論 Hsün-mên yü-lun, in 2 chüan, and 圖書辨惑 T'u-shu pien-huo, in 1 chüan, received critical notice in the Ssŭ-k'u Catalogue and was copied into the Imperial Manuscript Library (for both see under Chi Yün). This collection is also recorded under the title, 憂患學易 Yu-huan hsüeh-i. Like his brother, Huang Tsung-hsi, he questioned the antiquity of the diagrams, attributed by the Sung philosophers to the Classic of Changes, and so helped to undermine the cosmology on which that philosophy was based (see under Hu Wei). The two supplementary, works were printed in the Chao-tai ts'ung-shu (see under Ch'ên Chên-hui) where, however, the second of the two titles reads: 易學辨惑 I-hsüeh pien-huo.
It is said that Huang Tsung-yen painted in the style of the T'ang artist, Li Chao-tao 李昭道, who is often referred to as "Little General Li" 小李將軍 and whose father, Li Ssŭ-hsün 李思訓 (T. 建見, 651–716), was known as "General Li". Huang Tsung-yen's younger brother, Huang Tsung-hui, became a senior licentiate in 1644 and qualified for the metropolitan examination in that year, but Peking fell before the examination took place. Like his brother, he was ardently loyal to the fallen dynasty, but being younger and more emotional, the change made him despondent and pessimistic. In later years he gave himself up to poetry and drinking, and then to Buddhism.
[M.36/13/28a; M.59/54/7a; 2/68/4b; 3/411/1a, 468/5a; Yü-yao-hsien chih (1899) 23/5a, 6a; Ssŭ-k'u 6/3a.]
HUANG Wu 黃梧 (T. 君宣), d. 1674, age 57 (sui), Ming-Ch'ing general, was a native of P'ing-ho, Fukien. He served under Chêng Ch'êng-kung [q. v.] as brigade-general and defended the strategic city of Hai-ch'êng on the southern coast of Fukien. In 1656 he killed his colleague, surrendered the city to the Manchu prince, Jidu [q. v.], and was made Duke of Hai-ch'êng 海澄公, by Emperor Shih-tsu. In the next year he was associated with Li Shuai-t'ai [q. v.] and Ma Tê-kung [q. v.] in the Fukien campaign and for his services was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. The utilization of the services of Shih Lang [q. v.] against the Fukien insurgents, the execution of Chêng Chih-lung [q. v.], the regulation of ocean trade as a means of suppressing piracy and insurrection, and the strengthening of costal defenses were among the measures advocated by Huang Wu. After cooperating with Kêng Chi-mao [q. v.] in the capture of Amoy and other islands from the insurgents in 1663, he was assigned to garrison Yün-hsiao 雲霄 in the extreme south of Fukien. From here the government troops crossed over to T'ung-shan 銅山 and forced Chêng Ching [q. v.] to flee to Taiwan. In 1667 Huang Wu's dukedom was fixed at the first rank to continue through twelve generations. When Kêng Ching-chung [q. v.] revolted and sent a summons to follow him, Huang Wu was seriously ill. His indignation is reputed to have hastened his death. He was given the posthumous name Chung-k'o 忠恪.
[1/267/5b; 2/9/8a; 3/270/3a; 9/4/17a; 12/10/1a; 漳州府志 Chang-chou fu-chih (1715) 32/14b; P'ing-ho hsien-chih (1719) 9/21a.]
HUANG Yü-chi 黃虞稷 (T. 俞邰 and 楮園), 1629–1691, scholar and bibliophile, was a native of Shang-yüan (Nanking). His family came originally from Chin-chiang, Fukien, but moved to Kiangsu when his father, Huang Chü-chung 黃居中 (T. 明立, H. 海鶴, chü-jên of 1585), became proctor of the Imperial Academy at Nanking. In 1678 Huang Yü-chi was summoned to compete in the special examination known as po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ (see under P'êng Sun-yü) which was held in Peking in the following year. But being in mourning for the death of his mother, he declined. He participated in the compilation of the official Ming History (Ming-shih) on the specific recommendation of the chief director, Hsü Yüan-wên [q. v.]. In 1684 he was appointed to assist in drafting the Ta Ch'ing i-t'ung chih, or "Comprehensive Geography of the Empire" (see under Hsü Ch'ien-hsüeh), with special responsibility for the geography of Fukien province from which his ancestors had come.
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