Yung-hsing, and Yung-lin [qq. v.]. Others who deserve mention are Yung-huang (see under Tsai-ch'üan), Yung-ch'i (see under I-hui), Yung-chang (see under I-ching), and Yung-jung 永瑢 (T. 惺齋, H. 九思主人, 西園主人, 1744–1790).
Five of Hung-li's daughters attained maturity. They were the third, Princess Ho-ching 和敬公主 (1731–1792), whose husband was the Mongolian prince, Septen Baljur 色布騰巴勒珠爾 (d. 1775, posthumous name 毅); the fourth, Princess Ho-chia (see under Fu-lung-an); the seventh, Princess Ho-ching (see under Tsereng); the ninth, Princess Ho-k'o (see under Chao-hui); and the tenth, Princess Ho-hsiao (see under Ho-shên).
[1/10–15; Tung-hua lu, Ch'ien-lung; Ch'ing Huang-shih ssŭ-p'u (see under Fu-lung-an); Ssŭ-k'u; Hu Ching 胡敬, 國朝院畫錄 Kuo-ch'ao yüan-hua lu; 清稗類鈔 Ch'ing-pai lei ch'ao; 清朝野史大觀 Ch'ing ch'ao yeh-shih ta-kuan; Backhouse and Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking (1914); Kip, W. I., Historical Scenes from the Old Jesuit Missions (1875) pp. 131, 146, 150; Sven Hedin, Jehol (1933); Pritchard, E. H., The Crucial Years of Early Anglo-Chinese Relations, 1760–1800, pp. 312–50; Staunton, George L., An Authentic Account of the Earl of Macartney's Emhassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China, London, 1797, p. 351; Malone, C. B., History of the Peking Summer Palaces under the Ch'ing Dynasty (1928); Goodrich, L. C., Literary Inquisition of Ch'ien-lung (1935); Abel-Rémusat, Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques (1829), Tome II, pp. 45–60.]
HUNG Liang-chi 洪亮吉 (T. 君直, 稚存, H. 北江, 更生), Oct. 17, 1746–1809, June 24, scholar and official, was a native of Yang-hu, Kiangsu. His given name was originally Lien 蓮 (T. 華峰), later (1772) changed to Li-chi 禮吉, and finally (1781) to Liang-chi. His father, Hung Ch'iao 洪翹 (T. 午峯, 楚珩, 1714–1751), died when Hung Liang-chi was only six sui. His mother (nêe Chiang 蔣, 1714–1776), being left in poverty, took Hung Liang-chi and his brother, Hung Ai-chi 洪靄吉 (T. 赤存, 1750–1798), and her three daughters, to live with their grandmother in the Chiang family. There Hung Liang-chi grew up, attended school, and later (1765) taught. In 1768 he married his cousin, a daughter of Chiang Shu-hsien 蔣樹諴 (T. 實君, d. 1758), his mother's oldest brother, in whose family he continued to live. He later wrote a short account of this family, entitled 外家紀文 Wai-chia chi-wên. In 1769 he was made a licentiate. Failing both in 1770 and in 1771 to pass the Kiangnan provincial examination, he went to T'ai-p'ing, Anhwei, with his friend, Huang Ching-jên [q. v.]. Chu Yün [q. v.] had recently been made commissioner of education of Anhwei province, and Hung and Huang became members of Chu's secretarial staff. It was there that Hung Liang-chi made the acquaintance of Shao Chin-han, Wang Nien-sun, Chang Hsüeh-ch'êng [qq. v.] and other promising young scholars of the time. In 1774 he came to know Sun Hsing-yen [q. v.], and in this year he again failed to qualify for the chü-jên degree. Two years later (1776), while assisting Wang Chieh (see under Chiang Fan), then commissioner of education in Chekiang, to conduct an examination at Shaohsing, his mother died. Apprised of this fact while on his way home, he was so overwhelmed with grief that he fell into the river and almost drowned. Early in the summer of 1779 he went to Peking where he obtained a position as editor of the books submitted from Kiangnan to the Ssŭ-k'u Commission (see under Chi Yün). In the following year he passed the Shun-t'ien provincial examination and became a chü-jên, but failed to qualify the next spring (1781) in the metropolitan examination for chin-shih. Summoned (1781) by his friend, Sun Hsing-yen; to join him as secretary to Governor Pi Yüan [q. v.], he proceeded at once to Sian, Shensi, where he met such scholars as Yen Ch'ang-ming [q. v.] and Ch'ien Tien (see under Ch'ien T'ang). He served under Pi for nine years—at Sian (1781–85), at Kaifeng (1785–88), and at Wuchang (1788–90). During his stay in Sian he assisted in the writing of the Hsü Tzŭ-chih t'ung-chien. (see under Pi Yüan) and took part (1782-83) in the compilation of the following local histories: 淳化縣誌 Ch'un-hua hsien-chih, 30 chüan; Ch'ang-wu (長武) hsien-chih, 12 chüan; and Ch'êng-ch'êng ( 澄城) hsien-chih, 20 chüan, While employed in Honan he compiled several local histories of that province: Ku-shih ( 固始) hsien-chih, 20 chüan (1785); Têng fêng (登封) hsien-chih, 32 chüan; and Huai-ch'ing (懷慶) fu-chih, 32 chüan (1786).
After failing four times in the metropolitan examination (1781, 1784, 1787, 1789), Hung Liang-chi finally took (1790) second highest honors, known as pang-yen 榜眼. Having thus become a chin-shih, he entered the Hanlin Academy as a compiler of the second class.
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