chüan, was published in 1624 and gained wide use among physicians of China. It purports to explain and interpret the 內經 Nei-ching, a medical work traditionally attributed to the legendary emperor, Huang-ti 黃帝. In reality, it is largely a crystallization of Chang's opinions based on long experience as a practitioner and many years of painstaking study. Huang Tsung-hsi [q. v.], writing in 1671, asserts that it was the most popular and valuable work on medicine in his day. Chang's other work on medicine, entitled 景岳全書 Ching-yüeh ch'üan-shu, was written during his declining years, probably between 1620 and 1640 after he had returned to Chekiang. It was meant to be encyclopaedic in scope, as it lists every known disease and cure and has two chapters on medicine with three hundred entries. The book was finally published in 1700 in 64 chüan, with a brief account of Chang's life and work written by his grandson.
Huang Tsung-hsi states that Chang Chieh-pin was versed in astrology and music.
[M 2/398/22a; Huang Tsung-hsi, Nan-lei wên-an 9/5a; 越中雜識 Yüeh-chung tsa-chih 方技; Wylie, A., Notes, p. 101; Laufer, Berthold, Tobacco and Its Use in Asia (1924) Field Museum Leaflet No. 18; Ssŭ-k'u (see under Chi Yün) 104/9a; Ku-chin t'u-shu chi-ch'êng (see under Ch'ên Mêng-lei), chüan 537 醫術名流列傅十四明八]
CHANG Chih-tung 張之洞 (T. 孝達, H. 香(薌)濤, 香巖, 壺公, 無競居士, 抱氷), Sept. 2, 1837–1909, Oct. 4, official and reformer, was a native of Nan-p'i, Chihli. His great-grandfather, Chang I-hsiung 張怡熊, was a district magistrate in Chekiang; his grandfather, Chang T'ing-ch'ên 張廷琛, was a district magistrate in Fukien; and his father, Chang Ying 張鍈 (T. 又甫, H. 春潭, 1793-1856, chü-jên of 1813), was an intendant in Kweichow. Chang Chih-tung received an excellent classical education and in 1852 led the list of those who received the chü-jên degree in the Chihli provincial examinations. In 1863 he passed the metropolitan examinations for the chin-shih degree. In the palace examination his emphasis upon current problems and his unconventional mode of writing were frowned upon by some examiners, but were praised by Pao-yün (see under Wên-hsiang). When the papers were submitted to the Dowager Empresses for final judgment, Chang Chih-tung was ranked as t'an-hua 探花, or third in the first group of three, and was made a compiler of the Hanlin Academy.
From 1867 to 1877 Chang Chih-tung held various posts in connection with the civil service examinations in Chekiang, Hupeh and Szechwan. His zeal for the promotion of scholarship while filling these posts is well illustrated by his activities as director of education in Szechwan (1873–77). There he rectified abuses in the examinations; founded in Chengtu the Academy, Tsun-ching Shu-yüan 尊經書院; and set up a printing office for issuing the classics and the dynastic histories. For the students he wrote a handbook on study and composition, entitled 輶軒語 Yu-hsüan yü, 2 chüan, which was printed in 1878 together with an annotated bibliography of important Chinese works, known as the 書目答問 Shu-mu ta-wên, 4 chüan. Chang's preface to the latter work is dated 1875. This useful bibliography, probably compiled in collaboration with his disciple, Miao Ch'üan-sun 繆荃孫 (T. 炎之, 筱珊, H. 藝風, 1844–1919, chin-shih of 1876), received wide circulation and has been many times reprinted with supplements and revisions. In 1877 Chang Chih-tung completed his term of office in Szechwan and returned to Peking where he was engaged until 1881 as chief editor of the gazetteer of the Peking metropolitan area, entitled 順天府志 Shun-t'ien-fu chih, 130 + 1 chüan. The work was later completed under the chief editorship of Miao Ch'üan-sun and was printed in 1885. A revised edition appeared in 1889.
In 1879 Chang Chih-tung was promoted to be a tutor in the Imperial Academy. The memorable suicide of the censor, Wu K'o-tu [q. v.], gave him an opportunity to bring himself to the attention of the Empress Dowager by submitting an obsequious memorial in criticism of Wu's act, dressed out with all the brilliant display of scholarship for which he became famous. The Sino-Russian dispute over Ili which came to a head also in 1879 served still more to advance Chang's career. In January 1880 the court called upon metropolitan officials to discuss the treaty in which Ch'ung-hou [q. v.], the Chinese envoy, had given Russia a large indemnity, about two-thirds of the territory in dispute, and various economic and strategic advantages. Chang submitted a strong memorial in which he called for the repudiation of the treaty and the execution of Ch'ung-hou. He took an optimistic view of China's military strength and urged that it would be better to fight forthwith on China's distant frontiers than to show weakness and later have to
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