of various offenses he was consistently pardoned by T'ai-tsung who appreciated his organizing ability. In 1644 he became president of the Board of Revenue, and at the review of his service three years later he was granted the rank of duke of the second class. After his death in 1648 the title passed to his son, Itu, but was lowered by Emperor Shih-tsu in the reaction following the death of Dorgon [q. v.] in 1650. During the Ch'ien-lung period the hereditary rank was fixed as that of viscount of the third class.
[1/234/6b; 3/41/4a; 11/4/1a; 34/156/15b.]
J
JALANGGA 查郎阿 (T. 松莊), d. 1747, official, came from the Ula Nara Clan and belonged to the Manchu Bordered White Banner. His ancestor, Çangju 常住 was a grandson of Buyan (see under Bujantai), beile of the Ula tribe. It seems that after Nurhaci [q. v.] conquered the Ula tribe in 1613 Çangju surrendered to the founder of the Ch'ing dynasty and was given the hereditary captaincy of the company into which his family was organized. His descendants served in many wars of conquest and his great-grandson, Sestei 色思特 (d. 1689), was killed in the battle of Ulan butung against the Eleuths (see under Fu-ch'üan). Sestei was the father of Jalangga and left him the hereditary rank of Ch'ing-ch'ê tu-yü and the captaincy of the company. In 1721 Jalangga was made a colonel. His talents were appreciated by Emperor Shih-tsung who in 1723 named him a department director in the Board of Civil Offices, and a year later gave him the unusual promotion to vice-president of the same Board. In 1727 he was appointed president of the Censorate and late in the same year was ordered to Tibet to quell an uprising there.
Tibet was conquered in 1720 when the armies under Yin-t'i [禵, q.v.] drove out the Eleuths (see under Yen-hsin). But in 1723 Emperor Shih-tsung, who was hostile to Yin-t'i, ordered the latter to Peking and placed him in confinement. The armies in Tibet were soon withdrawn, either because the emperor did not wish to credit Yin-t'i with the conquest or because he feared that some of the soldiers loyal to that prince might cause trouble. In 1725 it was decided to keep the Kham region under the jurisdiction of Szechwan and to leave the rest of Tibet to the rule of the Dalai Lama, with the civil government under the control of several Tibetan chiefs, particularly Sonam gyäpo of Khang-Ch'ên (d. 1727, in Chinese accounts, K'ang-chi-nai 康濟鼐) who was named governor of Anterior Tibet. Another chief, Sonam stöbgyal of P'o-lha (d. 1747, in Chinese accounts, P'o-lo-nai 頗羅鼐), was appointed governor of Ulterior Tibet. But soon it was reported that several chiefs in Anterior Tibet could not cooperate with Sonam gyäpo. While two officials were sent to Lhasa in 1727 to solve the dispute, Sonam gyäpo was murdered by his enemies (August 5, 1727). Late in 1727 Emperor Shih-tsung decided to send an expedition to Tibet. Jalangga was appointed commander with a force of more than 15,000 men. But early in August 1728, before Jalangga could arrive, Sonam stöbgyal had led his men from Ulterior Tibet, had taken Lhasa, and had apprehended the murderers whose execution Jalangga ordered when he arrived in September. The Dalai Lama was transferred to Litang in the Kham region where he remained till 1735. Jalangga withdrew from Lhasa late in 1728, leaving behind two thousand soldiers as guard to the Imperial Resident. In January 1729 Sonam stöbgyal was made temporary administrator of all Tibet, and in 1739 was made a prince of the second degree. In 1747 he was succeeded by his son, Jurmet Namjar (see under Fu-ch'ing).
When Jalangga was preparing to go to Tibet, in 1728, he was given the concurrent post of president of the Board of Civil Appointments. In 1729, after he had left Tibet, he was ordered to Sian to help Yüeh Chung-ch'i [q. v.] manage the distribution of supplies to the armies then fighting the Eleuths. In May 1729 he was appointed acting governor-general of Shensi and Szechwan and in 1732 was made acting commander-in-chief of the armies in Kansu in place of Yüeh Chung-ch'i. Against the latter Jalangga lodged some damaging charges, and some of Yueh's lieutenants were also condemned by him. Thereafter Jalangga co-operated with Chang Kuang-ssŭ [q. v.] in strengthening the border defenses. Though the two were unable to progress in the war against the Eleuths, they were supported by the powerful Grand Secretary, O-êr-t'ai [q. v.], and so were permitted to remain at their posts. In 1735, when the peace conference with the Eleuths was in progress, the outposts were withdrawn and the soldiers were sent back to the provinces. In the meantime Jalangga was made concurrently a Grand Secretary. In 1736, after the military activities had ceased, he was again given the post of
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