the city of Têng-chou for him from within, naming himself brigade-general. After a failure at Lai-chou and the consequent collapse of the rebellion he joined the Manchus and received appointment as a brigade-general, sharing with K'ung Yu-tê the command of a body of troops known as T'ien-yu 天佑, "heaven protected." He aided the Manchus in the capture of Lü-shun in 1633 and accompanied the expedition next year to the Ta-t'ung district. In 1636 he was given the title of Prince Huai-shun 懷順王.
Together with K'ung Yu-tê Kêng led Chinese troops in many of the Manchu operations against the Ming and in 1642 was incorporated in the Plain Yellow Banner. He was fined 1,000 taels for concealing captured booty, but continued in 1643 and 1644 as an important leader on the Manchu side. When Peking fell he joined in the westward pursuit of Li Tzŭ-ch'êng [q. v.], after which he took part in the war against the Ming adherents in Kiangnan, returning in 1645 to the capital where he received marks of honor. He spent the next two years fighting the adherents of the Ming Prince of Kuei (see under Chu Yu-lang) in Hunan, returning to fresh honors in 1648. Given the title Prince of the Tranquilized South (Ching-nan wang 靖南王), he set out for Kwangtung, this time in sole charge of an expedition of conquest. After his departure an inquiry was sent to him regarding a report from the Board of Punishments that his subordinates had received and concealed runaway slaves. Kêng found more than three hundred such slaves in his army, sent them back in fetters to Peking and then, without awaiting a decision in the case, committed suicide in Chi-an, Kiangsi, December 30, 1649. In the following year official posthumous honors to him were denied by the regent, Dorgon [q. v.], and his son was prohibited from assuming the title of Prince. These restrictions were removed by Emperor Shih-tsu in 1651, and in 1678 a grandson was allowed to transfer his remains for burial in Kai-chou.
[1/240/6a; 2/78/44b; 4/6/9b; 34 (Yung-chêng edition)/175; 四王合傳 Ssŭ-wang ho-chuan; Haenisch, E., "Biographien," T'oung Pao, vol. 14 (1913), p. 81.]
KISHEN. See under Ch'i-shan.
KIYING. See under Ch'i-ying.
K'O-ch'in, Prince. See under Yoto.
KOXINGA. See under Chêng Ch'êng-kung.
KU Kuang-ch'i 顧廣圻 (T. 千里, H. 澗薲, 澗蘋, 鑑平, 思適居士, 無悶子, 一雲山人), 1776–1835, Mar. 17, scholar, was a native of Wu-hsien, Kiangsu, and a descendant of Ku Yeh-wang 顧野王 (T. 希馮, 519–581), author of the lexicon, 玉篇 Yü-p'ien, completed in 543 A.D. His father, Ku Wên-i 顧文熤 (T. 庭有, 1740–1771), and several ancestors before him, were physicians by profession. His uncle, Ku Wên-hsüan 顧文烜 (T. 玉田), was a noted physician in Yangchow and his cousin, Ku Chih-k'uei 顧之逵 (T. 抱冲, 1753–1797), was a bibliophile who owned a large library named Hsiao tu-shu tui 小讀書堆. As his father died young, Ku Kuang-ch'i was brought up by his mother (née Chêng 鄭, 1746–1816). Despite great difficulties she managed to rear this sickly and only son who later became a brilliant scholar. In 1790 Ku Kuang-ch‘i became a disciple of Chiang Shêng [q. v.] from whom he obtained his technique in textual criticism and with whom he stayed until the latter's death. In this way Ku Kuang-ch'i had an opportunity to associate with many famous local scholars, such as Chou Hsi-tsan He 周錫瓚 (T. 漪塘, H. 香巖, d. 1819); Yüan T'ing-t'ao 袁廷檮 (T. 又凱, H. 綬階, 1764–1810); P'êng Chao-sun 彭兆蓀 (T. 湘涵, H. 甘亭, 1769–1821); Niu Shu-yü; Huang P'ei-lieh [qq. v.], and others. But despite his scholastic ability, he was throughout his life weighed down by poverty, and so was obliged to live at the home of Huang P'ei-lieh and work for him for seven years beginning in 1794.
During the years 1801–02 Ku took part in the compilation of the Shih-san-ching chu-shu chiao-k'an-chi (see under Juan Yüan). In the spring of 1804 he visited the island of Chiao-shan (see under Ma Yüeh-kuan), and then, at the call of Chang Hsiang-yün 張祥雲 (T. 鞠園), prefect of Lu-chou (1799–1806), he went to Lu-chou where he taught in the prefect's home. In the following year he was invited to Yangchow by Chang Tun-jên 張敦仁 (T. 仲䈞, 古餘, 1754–1834) who was prefect of that area in the years 1804–05. There Ku became acquainted with a famous bibliophile, Ch'in Ên-fu 秦恩復 (T. 近光, 澹生, H. 敦夫, 1760–1843), owner of the library, Shih-yen chai 石研齋, which was housed in a magnificent structure known as the Wu-ssŭ hsien-kuan 五笥仙館. Before long Chang Tun-jên was transferred to the prefectship of Chiang-ning (Nanking). Ku accompanied him and worked for both Chang and Sun Hsing-yen [q. v.] in whose residence he
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