(T. 鐵君, 眉山, H. 廌青山人, 焦明子, b. 1686), a son of Li Hui-tsu. He took the special examination of 1736 (see under Liu Lun) but failed to pass. He and his wife, a daughter of Songgotu [q. v.], led a quiet life in or near Peking, writing poems or entertaining friends. He left a work on ancient history, entitled 尚史 Shang-shih, 70 + 4 chüan, printed in 1814, and a collection of poems, entitled 含中集 Han-chung chi, 5 chüan, which was later re-edited and printed under the title, 睫巢集 Chieh-ch'ao chi, 6 + 1 chüan. In 1934 the Han-chung chi was printed (from an old manuscript) in the Liao-hai ts'ung-shu (see under Shêng-yü) together with a collection of the author's short works in prose, entitled 李鐵君文鈔 Li T'ieh-chün wên-ch'ao, 2 chüan.
[M.1/238/1a; T'ieh-ling hsien-chih (1917), p. 335; P'êng Sun-i [q. v.], Shan-chung wên-chien lu, 7/6a; Chuang T'ing-lung [q. v.], Ming-shih ch'ao-lüeh; Sonoda Ikki 園田一⿔, 李成梁と其の一族に就て in Tōyō Gakuhō, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 89–120; 3/152/31a; 3/266/3a; 6/45/14b; Li T'ieh-chün wên-ch'ao, 上/15b.]
LI Ch'êng-tung 李成棟 (T. 廷貞), d. Apr. 7, 1649, Ming-Ch'ing general with an unenviable reputation for cruelty, was a native of Liaotung (some accounts say of Shensi). Formerly an officer under Shih K'o-fa [q. v.], when the Manchu general Bolo [q. v.] undertook the subjugation of the south, Li Chêng-tung was brigade general at Hsü-chou, Kiangsu. He surrendered with his command and collaborated in capturing the region around Shanghai for the Manchus, oppressing the populace which was loyal to the Ming and slaughtering the defenders of Chia-ting (see Huang Ch'un-yüeh). Later he campaigned in Fukien, and in 1646 became general-in-chief of Kwangtung. Feeling that his services were not adequately rewarded and, if the stories can be credited, encouraged by a favorite concubine, on May 2, 1648 he changed his allegiance again and was made Duke of Hui-kuo (惠國公) by the southern Ming. He induced the Ming emperor, Chu Yu-lang [q. v.], to move his court to Chao-ch'ing, Kwangtung, was promoted to generalissimo, and soon dominated the government. Later in the same year he led an army of 200,000 into Kiangsi, and on December 9–10 he was ingloriously defeated by Ch'ing troops at Kan-chou-fu. In a second encounter at Hsin-fêng on April 7, 1649 his strategy failed and he was drowned in the course of the rout that followed. He was canonized as Chung-wu 忠武 and was given the posthumous title, Prince of Ning-hsia 寧夏王. His adopted son, Li Yüan-yin (see under Chin Pao), a Honanese whose original surname was Chia 賈, was made an earl.
[M.59/65/1a; Ming-chi nan-lüeh, 12/6b, 13/2b, 6b, 7a, 7b, 13a, 14b, 17a; 嘉定縣乙酉紀事 Chia-ting-hsien i-yu chi shih, T'ung-shih, XI; Shao T'ing-ts'ai [q. v.], Hsi-nan chi-shih 9/1a.]
LI Chih-tsao 李之藻 (T. 振之, 我存, H. 涼庵, 存園寄叟), d. Dec. 4, 1630, official and scholar, was a native of Jên-ho (Hangchow). After receiving the chin-shih degree in 1598, he was appointed an assistant department director in the Board of Works at Nanking. According to his friend, Matteo Ricci (see under Hsü Kuang-ch'i), he took a keen interest in the study of geography and in his youth drew up a description of China with maps of the fifteen provinces, which he believed to be the map of the world. He made the acquaintance of Ricci soon after the latter's arrival at Peking in January 1601. To his astonishment he found in Ricci's home a map of the world which Ricci had drawn in Kwangtung soon after his arrival in China (1582), had revised at Nanking (1600) and later (1602) published under the title 坤輿萬國全圖 K'un-yü wan-kuo ch'üan-t'u. Conscious of the limited scope of his own map, Li immediately devoted himself to the study of geography in particular and to Western science in general. Being at the same time an official in the Board of Works, Li directed the workers in the Board to construct many instruments, among them several kinds of sun-dials and an astrolabe with sights. In 1603 he went to Fukien to supervise the provincial examination, but soon returned to Peking. In 1604 Hsü Kuang-ch'i [q. v.] arrived in Peking and together with Li received instruction from Ricci until the latter's death (May 11, 1610). During this period Li studied with much diligence and wrote a number of prefaces to the works of Ricci, namely to the 天主實義 T'ien-chu shih-i (Li's preface dated 1607); and the 畸人十篇 Chi-jên shih-p'ien (Li's preface dated 1608). Ricci dictated several works to Li who put them into acceptable Chinese, among them the 圜容較義 Yüan-jung chiao-i, 1 chüan, a short treatise on geometry, printed in 1614; and the 同文
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