in 史學研究 Shigaku kenkyū, vol. II, no. 3 (1931); Inobe Kazuie 井部一家, 章學誠の方志學 in 史淵 Shien, no. 5 (1932); Muroga Nobuo 室賀信夫, 章學誠とその方志學 in 地理論叢 Chiri ronsō, no. 7 (1935); Fu Chên-lun 傳振倫, 中國方志學概論 Chung-kuo fang-chih hsüeh kai-lun (1935), passim;章實齋之史學 in Yenching Annual of Historical Study, vol. I, no. 5 (1932), and 章實齋史藉考體制之評論 in 北大圖書部月刊 Pei-ta t'u-shu-pu yüeh-k'an, vol. I, no. 1 (1922); Ch'ên Hsün-tz'ŭ 陳訓慈, 清代浙東之史學 in 史學雜誌 Shih-hsüeh tsa-chih, vol. II, nos. 5–6 (1928).]
CHANG Huang-ti, posthumous name of Fu-lin [q. v.].
CHANG Huang-yen 張煌言 (T. 玄箸, H. 蒼水, childhood name 阿雲), July 8, 1620–1664, Oct. 25, Ming loyalist, was a native of Yin-hsien (Ningpo), Chekiang. One of his ancestors, Chang Chih-po 張知白 (T. 用晦, posthumous name 文節), served as premier during the reign of the Sung emperor, Chên-tsung (宋真宗, 998–1023). Chang Huang-yen's father, Chang Kuei-chang (T. or H. 兩如, b. 1578), was a chü-jên of 1624 and for some time a private tutor in the home of Huang Tsung-hsi [q. v.]. In 1642 Chang Huang-yen became a chü-jên. After the Ch'ing armies took Nanking in 1645 he and his fellow townsmen organized a volunteer corps to support the Ming Prince of Lu (see under Chu I-hai). After making him a chin-shih, the Prince gave him the rank of a compiler in the Hanlin Academy to take charge of drafting imperial decrees, and in the same year (1645) sent him to the Court of the Prince of T'ang (see under Chu Yü-chien) at Foochow to reconcile the differences between the two Courts and to strengthen the defense against the Ch'ing troops. In 1646, when Chang Huang-yen heard of the attack by the Manchus on the Ming loyalists in Chekiang, he hurried back from Foochow to Chekiang in time to accompany the Prince of Lu and Chang Ming-chên [q. v.] in their flight to the Chusan Islands. The Prince and his party were rejected by Huang Pin-ch'ing (see under Chang Ming-chên) who at that time controlled the islands. The party then sailed to Amoy and to other islands on the Fukien-Kwangtung border (see under Chu I-hai), but Chang Huang-yen remained at Chusan.
In 1647 Chang Huang-yen accompanied Chang Ming-chên on a naval expedition up the Yangtze River, but the fleet was shipwrecked near Ch'ung-ming Island. Though captured by the Manchus, Chang Huang-yen managed to escape to Chusan. In 1648, in the hills of Shang-yü 上虞 west of Ningpo, he collected a band of loyalists and stayed with them there nearly two years. In 1650 he joined the Prince of Lu on the Chusan Islands which were taken in the previous year from Huang Pin-ch'ing, with the help of Chang Ming-chên. The Prince of Lu appointed Chang Huang-yen a vice-president of the Board of War. When the Ch'ing troops took the Chusan Islands in 1651 Chang Huang-yen, together with the Prince of Lu and Chang Ming-chên fled southward to Quemoy (Chin-mên), Fukien, combining their forces with those of Chêng Ch'êng-kung [q. v.]. During the years 1652–54 Chang Huang-yen took part in several forays up the Yangtze. In the meantime (1653) the Prince of Lu renounced his title of "administrator of the realm". Soon Chang Ming-chên died and bequeathed his command and all of his soldiers to Chang Huang-yen who devoted the ensuing two years to the training of his troops. Chang finally (1657) made his headquarters on the Chusan Islands which he recaptured from the Manchus. In 1658 he was appointed president of the Board of War by the Prince of Kuei (see under Chu Yu-lang) whose court was then at Yunnanfu. Meanwhile (1658) the allied fleet of Chang Huang-yen and Chêng Ch'êng-kung attempted to attack the Ch'ing forces along the Yangtze, but was shipwrecked at Yang-shan Island 洋山島 and was forced to return to the Chusan Islands where they passed the winter. In 1659 the combined forces again sailed up the Yangtze (see under Chêng Ch'êng-kung). From July 1659 they held for two months a number of important cities along the river, including Chinkiang. Chêng Ch'êng-kung, commander of the main fleet, attempted to capture Nanking, and Chang Huang-yen led a small force to Wuhu where he managed to win the allegiance of four prefectures, three departments, and twenty-four districts (all in Kiangsu and Anhwei). On September 9, 1659, Chêng's forces were defeated with heavy losses before they reached Nanking and were gradually forced to retire to Amoy. Under pressure of the Ch'ing troops Chang Huang-yen also fled. He abandoned his fleet at T'ung-ling, a river-port in Anhwei, and took refuge in the mountains near T'ung-ch'êng, Anhwei, and finally found his way to Ning-hai, Chekiang, covering a distance of more than 2,000 li. He wrote a detailed description of his flight
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