at the close of the year 1659 under the title, 北征得失紀略 Pei-chêng tê-shih chi-lüeh, 1 chüan, also known as Pei-chêng lu (錄). In the same year (1659) the Prince of Kuei made Chang Huang-yen Grand Secretary of the Tung-ko (東閣).
Though Chang escaped to Ning-hai after the failure of the Yangtze campaign against the Manchus, and later stayed at Lin-mên (臨亹) a village in Ning-hai, his wife (née 董) and his son, Chang Wan-ch'i (張萬祺, 1639–1664), were imprisoned in Chinkiang. Stubbornly refusing to surrender to the Manchus, Chang Huang-yen reorganized his followers at Lin-mên in 1660 and urged Chêng Ch'êng-kung in the following year to initiate a combined attack upon the Ch'ing troops in order to lift the strong pressure which the Manchus put upon the court of Chu Yu-lang at Yunnanfu. But Chêng Ch'êng-kung, then busily engaged in attacking the Dutch in Taiwan, failed to comply with Chang's request. Consequently the whole province of Yunnan was taken by the Ch'ing forces, and the Prince of Kuei, who had fled to Burma, was captured by Wu San-kuei [q. v.] in 1662. In the same year Chêng Ch'êng-kung captured Taiwan, but soon died. Chang Huang-yen, realizing the need for a strong central government to unite the remnants of the Southern Ming forces, repeatedly urged the Prince of Lu to take an active part in the reorganization, but despaired when the latter died toward the end of 1662.
In that same year (1662), Chang Huang-yen completed a compilation of his essays, under the title 氷槎集 Ping-ch'a chi, 1 chüan, and of his verse, under the title 奇零草 Ch'i-ling Ts'ao, 3 chüan, both bearing his own prefaces dated 1662. In 1664 he disbanded his army and went to live in Hsüan-ao 懸𡒃 (also known as 花(范)澳), an island in the district of Nan-t'ien, Chekiang. About a month later (on September 6, 1664), betrayed by his former lieutenant, he was arrested by the Ch'ing forces and was taken to Hangchow where he and his followers, Lo Lun 羅綸 (T. 子木 or 子牧), and Yang Kuan-yü 楊冠玉, were executed. His wife and son were executed at Chinkiang a few days earlier. The poems he wrote shortly before he died were collected and published, under the title 采薇吟 Ts'ai-wei yin, 1 chüan. In 1934 a complete collection of his literary works was edited and published by a descendant, Chang Shou-yung 張壽鏞 (T. 詠霓, b. 1876, chü-jên of 1903), under the title 張蒼水集 Chang Ts'ang-shui chi, 9 chüan, which was included in the collectanea, 四明叢書 Ssŭ-ming ts'ung-shu, second series (1934). The remains of Chang Huang-yen were interred by his friends, among them Wan Ssŭ-ta [q. v.], at the foot of one of the hills (南屏山荔子峯) near West Lake. He was given the posthumous name Chung-lieh 忠烈 by Emperor Kao-tsung in 1776.
[M.35/22/21a; M.40/75/18a; M.41, passim; M.55/2/7b; M.59/44/6b; M.64/辛7/3a; M.86/21/18a; 1/230/1a; Yin-hsien chih (1788) 16/47a, (1876) 16/9b–11b; Nan-t'ien, hsien chih (1930) 13/16b–17a, 12/5a; Chang Ts'ang-shui chi (with portrait and two nien-p'u by Ch'üan Tsu-wang and Chao Chih-ch'ien [qq. v.])].
CHANG Hui-yen 張惠言 (T. 皋文), 1761–1802, July 11, calligrapher and scholar, was a native of Wu-chin, Kiangsu. When he was four (sui) his father died leaving the family in dismal poverty, but by dint of hard work on the part of his mother, and the help of an uncle, he had an opportunity to study. At fourteen (sui) he began to teach. He obtained his chü-jên degree in 1786 and in the following year served as tutor in the school for bannermen at Ching-shan 景山 in the Forbidden City. In 1794 he returned home to attend the funeral of his mother, and for a time (1795–96) served in the office of his friend, Yün Ching [q. v.]. During the years 1796–99 he taught at Shê-hsien, Anhwei, but proceeded in 1799 to Peking where he obtained the chin-shih degree, followed by appointment as reviser in the Historiographical Board, assistant reviser in the Wu-ying Tien, and compiler in the Hanlin Academy. In 1802 he died suddenly of plague.
Chang Hui-yen was well known for his calligraphy, especially in the chuan 篆 or archaic style. As a classicist, his contribution lay chiefly in the study of the Classic of Changes and the Decorum Ritual (I-li). In connection with the first he produced twelve works on the interpretations of Han scholars, following the method laid down by Hui Tung [q. v.]. He laid special emphasis on the Han scholar, Yü Fan 虞翻 (172–241), whose views on the Classic of Changes he adopted and developed fully in the 周易虞氏義 Chou-i Yü-shih i (1803), 9 chüan. He relied also to some extent on the interpretations of Chêng Hsüan (see under Chang Êr-ch'i) and Hsün Shuang 荀爽 (128–190 A.D.). On the I-li Chang produced two works: the 讀儀禮記 Tu I-li chi, in 2 chüan, containing select passages
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