the calculation of eclipses. These and others of his works are known collectively as 觀我生室彙稿 Kuan-wo-shêng shih hui-kao.
After Lo Shih-lin, Chinese mathematicians generally studied both Chinese and Western methods. One who specialized in Chinese mathematics was Lao Nai-hsüan (see under Tuan-fang) whose 古籌算考釋 Ku ch'ou-suan k'ao-shih, 6 chüan (1886), and a supplement, Ku ch'ou-suan k'ao-shih hsü-pien (續編), 8 chüan (1900), contain detailed explanations on the use of calculating rods. Most other mathematicians, however, became interested in Western mathematical works which they and others helped to translate into Chinese. Among the translators may be mentioned Li Shan-lan [q. v.] and Hua Hêng-fang 華衡芳 (T. 若汀, 1833–1902). Hua was attached to the Kiangnan Arsenal (see under Ting Jih-ch'ang) from its beginning and was one of the founders of its department for translating foreign books on science. He and Fryer (see under Wei Yüan) translated several works on mathematics, among them one on calculus, and Hua himself wrote six works on the subject which are known collectively as 行素軒算稿 Hsing-su hsüan suan-kao, printed in 1882. Among other translators in the Kiangnan Arsenal were Hsü Shou 徐壽 (T. 雪村, 1818–1884) and his son, Hsü Chien-yin 徐建寅 (T. 仲虎, 1845–1901). The latter was in Europe for five years (1879–84) visiting different factories, and at one time or another directed the arsenals at Tientsin, Tsinan, Nanking, Foochow and Hanyang.
Lo Shih-lin and Hua Hêng-fang were both interested in the history of Chinese mathematics, but the one who in recent years has written most in this field is Li Yen 李儼 (T. 樂知), author of the 中國算學史 Chung-kuo suan-hsüeh shih (1937); the Chung suan shih lun-ts'ung (論叢), a collection in 3 series (1933–35); the Chin-tai (近代) Chung suan chu-shu chi (著述記), a bibliography; and other works.
[1/512/13b; 2/69/48b; 6/31/16b; 6/42/6a; Kan-ch'üan hsien-chih (1885) 14/23b; Works by Li Yen; Ch'ou-jên chuan san-pien (see under Juan Yüan); Fryer, An Account of the Department for the Translation of Foreign Books at the Kiangnan Arsenal, Shanghai, 1880; Konantz, Emma L., "The Precious Mirror of the Four Elements," The China Journal of Science and Arts, II, no. 4 (July 1924), pp. 304–10; Vanhée, L., "Le précieux miroir des quatre eléments" in Asia Major, VII (1931–32), pp. 242–70.]
LO Tsê-nan 羅澤南 (T. 仲嶽, H. 羅山), Jan. 19,1808–1856, Apr. 12, a native of Hsiang-hsiang, Hunan, was the organizer of the Hsiang Yung 湘勇 or "Militia from Hsiang-hsiang" who as the driving force in the Hunan Army (湘軍) were chiefly instrumental in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. Though known primarily for his military exploits, Lo Tsê-nan was from youth a scholar. Owing to extreme poverty he had to make his living as a teacher from the age of twenty-one to forty-six. He became a hsiu-ts'ai in 1839, and a senior licentiate in 1847. He did not become a chü-jên, but was granted instead (1851) the honorary title, Hsiao Lien Fang Chêng 孝廉方正, "Filial, Incorruptable, Straightforward and Upright," to certify as to his character. By this time he had written several treatises in support of the Ch'êng-Chu (see under Hu Wei) Neo-Confucian philosophy, namely: 周易朱子本義 Chou-i Chu-tzŭ pên-i, compiled in 1840; 人極衍義 Jên chi yen-i, compiled in 1847; 西銘講義 Hsi-ming chiang-i, compiled in 1849; 姚江學辨 Yao-chiang hsüeh-pien, compiled in 1841; 方(皇)輿要覽 Fang (Huang) yü yao-lan, a work on geography, compiled in 1850; and a few other works, most of which were brought together in his collected writings, entitled 羅忠節公遺集 Lo Chung-chieh kung i-chi, printed in 1857–63. This last also includes 8 chüan of his poems and essays.
An epitaph written by his friend, Kuo Sung-tao [q. v.], describes Lo Tsê-nan as having high cheek bones and a square chin which gave the impression of a man of surpassing spirit and energy. As a student, Lo thought deeply and tried hard to put his knowledge to use in practical affairs. Though a scholar, he was highly competent in the affairs of the world, particularly in matters of military strategy. Such were his attainments and his qualities, and these are probably the characteristics that influenced his pupils during the many years he was a teacher.
When the Taiping rebels were threatening Changsha in 1852, the local magistrate summoned Lo Tsê-nan to train the militia which became known as the Hsiang Yung. Before long Lo's pupils, and the farmers of the locality, were enrolled in the army, and the enemy's attack was repulsed. His achievements were brought to the notice of the throne and he was rewarded
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