type of thought that prevailed at the close of the Ming dynasty. The Sung hsüeh reached its culmination in the first three decades of the eighteenth century, after which the more scientific study of the classics, known as Han-hsüeh, or "Han Learning", became popular.
Throughout his life Lu Lung-chi kept a diary. The part covering the years 1659–1692, which was preserved in inconsecutive fragments, was printed in 1841 and 1844, in 10 chüan, under the title, 三魚堂日記 San-yü-t'ang jih-chi. His prose writings in 12 chüan and a supplement in 6 chüan, entitled San-yü-t'ang wên-chi (文集), were printed in 1701. In 1736 he was posthumously given the name Ch'ing-hsien 清獻, the rank of sub-chancellor of the Grand Secretariat, and vice-president of the Board of Ceremonies. The family studio, San-yü-t'ang, "Hall of the Three Fishes", was so named from a legend concerning an ancestor, Lu P'u 陸溥(or 陸普), who in the early sixteenth century was assistant district magistrate of Fêng-ch'êng, Kiangsi. One night when the latter was in charge of a shipment of rice down the Yangtze River his boat sprang a leak. According to the legend, he knelt down and prayed that if anything were found on board that had been obtained dishonestly he was willing to be drowned. The boat was saved and at dawn examination showed that three fish, entangled in weeds, had huddled together and stopped the leak. The incident was interpreted as a mark of divine aid to the virtuous and was utilized by a son of Lu P'u when he chose a name for the family studio.
[Wu Kuang-yu 吳光酉, Lu Chia-shu hsien-shêng nien-p'u, ting-pên (1725); 1/271/3b; 3/55/1a; 4/16/24a; 30/3/11a; 32/4/16a; P'ing-hu-hsien chih (1886) 17/1a, 9/47a; 豐城縣志 Fêng-ch'êng-hsien chih (1873) 7/15a; Chang Hsüeh-ch'êng [q. v.], Wên shih t'ung-i (1832) 8/43b; Chung-kuo chin san-pai-nien hsüeh-shu shih (see bibl. under Hui Tung) pp. 26–28; Watters, T., A Guide to the Tablets in a Temple of Confucius (1879) p. 240.]
LU (潞), Prince of. See under Chu Yu-sung.
LU (魯), Prince of. See under Chu I-hai.
LU Shih-i 陸世儀 (T. 道威, H. 剛齋, 桴亭), Sept. 6, 1611–1672, Feb. 18, philosopher of the Confucian school, was a native of T'ai-ts'ang, Kiangsu. When a boy of eighteen (sui) he studied the classics under Chao Tzŭ-hsin 趙自新 (T. 我完, H. 樽匏, chü-jên of 1639), and became a hsiu-ts'ai in 1632. In the following year he studied under Shih Tien 石電 (T. 敬巖, d. 1635), an expert in spearmanship, who had come to T'ai-ts'ang to teach young men the arts of warfare. The training was timely as the threat of pirates on the river was increasing. The same year (1633) he wrote his first book, the 八陣發明 Pa-chên fa-ming, a treatise on strategics. This work is an exposition of diagrams similar to the so-called pa-chên t'u (圖), or "eight strategic position diagrams" attributed to Chu-ko Liang 諸葛亮 (T. 孔明, 181–234 A.D.), which were much discussed by students of military science in Lu's day. While still a young man Lu followed the lectures of Liu Tsung-chou [q. v.], but without becoming a disciple of that philosopher.
Lu's public activities were few. He appreciated, however, the importance of the work on flood prevention, and on three occasions (1656, 1657 and 1671) submitted proposals about this matter, but without success. Several times, in his later years, he was offered official employment but refused, except in one instance (1657) when, at the invitation of Chang Nêng-lin 張能鱗 (T. 玉甲, H. 西山) who was appointed commissioner of education in 1656, he went for a short period to Chinkiang, Kiangsu, to assist Chang in reading examination papers. Lu was interested from youth in organizing societies. One of the first entries in his nien-p'u, 1627 (seventeen sui), reads: "He agreed with his companions to form a literary society". One of the last entries, 1671 (sixty-one sui), is: "He formed at T'ai-ts'ang the Society of the Ten Elders". In 1637 he and three friends began to meet regularly in a study-group, and were jokingly called by the villagers the Four Chün-tzŭ (四君子). During the time of famine in 1641 he organized a relief society (同善會), and twice (1638, 1648) founded societies for the advancement of education and moral character. In his later years Lu travelled extensively. He visited Kiangsi in 1661, where he stayed at An-i, assisting the magistrate as secretary, and the following year made an excursion to the Pai-lu Grotto (白鹿洞) near Mt. Lu 廬山 where Chu Hsi (see under Hu Wei) had taught. Twice (1669, 1671) he journeyed to Tan-yang, Kiangsu. Before this period of travel he had been active in visiting towns in southern Kiangsu, near Taitsang, to give lectures.
While he was in An-i (1661) the magistrate there financed the carving of the blocks for the printing of a book he had started to write almost
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