Chung-wu chih, 8 chüan, which contains a preface by himself dated 1705. This work was printed in 1712 with a local gazetteer, 臥龍岡志 Wo-lung-kang chih, 2 chüan, written by a contemporary, Lo Ching 羅景 (T. 景瞻). The printing blocks of both the above-mentioned works are said to be preserved in the district yamen of Nan-yang, Honan. The Chung-wu chih was reprinted in 1814 by Chou Wan-lan 周畹蘭, but the Wo-lung-kang chih was not included. Two collections of miscellaneous notes, entitled 信陽子卓錄 Hsin-yang-tzŭ cho-lu, 8 chüan, printed in 1716, and 敦行錄 Tun-hsing lu, 2 chüan, are attributed to Chang. His essay on the military defense of the Yangtze, entitled 江防述略 Chiang-fang shu-lüeh, was included in the Hsüeh-hai lei-pien (see under Ts'ao Jung). Another essay on the control of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, entitled 治下河論 Chih hsia-ho lun, appears in the Hsiao fang-hu chai yü-ti ts'ung-ch'ao (see under Hsü Chi-yü). Two collections of poems, entitled 南華山人詩鈔 Nan-hua shan-jên shih-ch'ao, 16 chüan, and 賜詩賡和集 Tz'ŭ-shih kêng-ho chi, 1 + 6 chüan, sometimes erroneously attributed to Chang P'êng-ko, are the writings of a contemporary, Chang P'êng-ch'ung 張鵬翀 (T. 天扉(飛), 抑齋, H. 南華山人), June 23, 1688-1745, May 15.
A number of Chang P'êng-ko's descendants held public office, of whom the most prominent was Chang Wên-t'ao [q. v.] who was both a poet and a painter.
[1/285/12a; 2/11/16a; 3/11/1a, 補錄; 4/22/2a; 4/76/13a; 7/9/14b; 9/13/1a; Sui-ning hsien-chih (1929) 3/11a, 14b, 4/10b; Ho-fang chih passim; 嘉定縣志 Chia-ting hsien chih (1882) 27/30b; Chang Wên-tuan kung nien-p'u.]
CHANG Po-hsing 張伯行 (T. 孝先, H. 敬庵, 恕齋) Jan. 15, 1652-1725, Feb. 28, scholar and official, was a native of I-fêng, Honan. He took his chin-shih in 1685, and was made a secretary of the Grand Secretariat in 1692. Early in 1695 he returned home because of the death of his father and remained there for some years engaged in study and teaching. In 1699 a break in the dyke of the Yellow River flooded the city of I-fêng, and Chang Po-hsing led in stopping the break with sand bags. In the following year when the director-general of River Conservancy, Chang P'êng-ko [q. v.], saw the work he had him put in charge of seventy miles of repairs. Appointed intendant of the Chi-ning Circuit, Shan-tung, in 1703 he drained flood waters from a large area and in addition did much to relieve sufferers from famine. In 1706 he was sent to Kiangsu as Judicial Commissioner, and the next year was made governor of Fukien with special recognition of his merits by the Emperor who was then in Nanking on his last tour of the South. While in Fukien he promptly relieved distress from famine in three districts of Formosa, and stabilized the price of grain in Fukien by government importation and sale. He gave much attention to education, and established the Academy, Ao-fêng shu-yüan 鼇峯書院 in Foochow in 1707. As a disciple of the Sung and Ming Confucianists he not only gave time to study and meditation but put his principles into action by destroying the images of gods of pestilence and converting their temples into free schools where sacrifices were made in honor of Chu Hsi (see under Hu Wei). Moreover, he ordered that the large number of girls from poor families then being brought up and tonsured by Buddhist nuns should be redeemed by their families, the officials to pay the cost in cases where the families were unable to do so. In 1709 he prepared a memorial recommending that Roman Catholic churches be turned into free schools, their membership dispersed, and foreigners throughout the provinces be ordered to return to their homes. Two years before there had occurred the controversy between the Emperor and the Papal Legate concerning the Chinese term for God and the reverence accorded to Confucius and to ancestors. Chang Po-hsing hoped, by these means, to stop the prevailing disintegration of morality which he attributed to the worship of a Lord superior to Heaven and to neglect of the customary sacrifices. His suggestions were not submitted, apparently because of his impending transfer.
Early in 1710 Chang Po-hsing was transferred to the governorship of Kiangsu where he again grappled vigorously with famine and flood. In 1713 he established at Soochow the academy, Tzŭ-yang (紫陽) shu-yüan. His efforts for clean administration soon brought him into con flict with the Manchu governor-general, Gali [q. v.], and their mutual accusations were repeatedly investigated by a commission headed by Chang P'êng-ko. Reports unfavorable to Chang Po-hsing were discredited by the Emperor who upheld his reputation for honesty, and late in 1715 called him to Peking. Great demonstrations of popular affection followed him on the
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