his property. In July 1646 Shaohsing fell to the Manchus and Chang Tai fled to his retreat in the mountains, remaining there the rest of his life.
The second phase of Chang Tai's career contrasts sharply with his early life of luxury. With the exception of some books, he now had no property. Refusing to acknowledge Manchu sovereignty by shaving his head, he led a hermit's life in the mountains, suffering frequently from lack of shelter, clothing and food. While thus undisturbed, he took to writing and completed many manuscripts, mostly reminiscent of his eventful career and of happenings in the later Ming period. About 1665 he built a tomb where he hoped to be buried, and wrote his epitaph in which are listed the titles of fifteen works he had written. Only a few of these works are extant—the most celebrated being a collection of notes on his experiences and on customs that prevailed at the close of the Ming period, entitled 陶庵夢憶 T'ao-an mêng-i, 8 chüan. It was first printed from an incomplete manuscript by Chin Chung-ch'un 金忠淳 (T. 古還) in his collectanea, 硯雲甲編 Yen-yün chia-pien (1775). Although this edition contains only about a third of the more complete edition of 1852 in the Yüeh-ya t'ang ts'ung-shu (see under Wu Ch'ung-yüeh), it nevertheless has several articles not included in the latter work—some giving information about Chang Tai's relation with the Prince of Lu (Chu I-hai). Another work by Chang Tai is a collection of writings in prose, entitled 瑯嬛文集 Lang-hsüan wên-chi, 6 chüan, first printed in 1877 from a well-preserved manuscript. He also wrote a work about West Lake, Hangchow, entitled 西湖夢尋 Hsi-hu mêng-hsün, 5 chüan. It was written about 1671 from memory. Mention is made of it in the Ssŭ-k'u Catalogue (see under Chi Yün) and it was printed in 1883 in the Wu-lin chang-ku ts'ung-pien (see under Ting Ping). Another important work by Chang Tai is a history of the Ming period, entitled 石匱藏書 Shih-kuei ts'ang-shu, 220 chüan, with a supplement (hou-chi 後集) in 63 + 1 chüan. A manuscript copy of the main part—said to be the original draft—is in the possession of Professor Chu Hsi-tsu 朱希祖 (b. 1879); and a manuscript of the supplement is in the Kuo-hsüeh Library, Nanking. It is believed that Ku Ying-t'ai [q. v.] drew much information from it for the writing of his Ming-shih chi-shih pên-mo (see under Ku Ying-t'ai). When Mao Ch'i-ling [q. v.] was serving on the Commission for the compilation of the official Ming history (Ming-shih) he wrote to Chang Tai requesting that a copy of the manuscript be made for the use of the Commission. Whether this request was granted is not known.
[Lang-hsüan wên-chi (1935), pp. 101–29, 137–40; M.60/3/10a; Mao Ch'i-ling, Hsi-ho wên-chi, 17/13a; W.M.S.C.K., 1/4a.]
CHANG-t'ai. See under Jangtai.
CHANG T'ing-shu 張廷樞 (T. 景峰) d. 1729, official, was a native of Han-ch'êng, Shensi. His father, Chang Ku-hsing (張顧行, a chin-shih of 1667), was grain intendant of Nanking. Chang T'ing-shu became a chin-shih in 1682 and after a period of study in the Hanlin Academy received the rank of a compiler. In 1691 he became diarist attached to the Office for Keeping a Diary of the Emperor's Movements (日講起居注官), and after several promotions he was made in 1706 junior vice-president of the Board of Civil Office. Soon after this he was associated with Sihana 席哈納 (Grand Secretary, 1702–08) and Hsiao Yung-tsao [q. v.] in reviewing a case which involved several officials. In 1709 he became president of the Board of Punishments, but in the following year was removed from office for commuting sentences by his own authority. In 1712 he was again placed in office as president of the Board of Works, and was a member of the second commission to try the case of Chang Po-hsing and Gali [qq. v.] which recommended that the latter be dismissed. In 1713 he was again president of the Board of Punishments, but in 1723 was degraded five ranks on a charge of purposely giving too light a sentence to Ch'ên Mêng-lei [q. v.]. He then returned home. His son, Chang chin 張縉, a chin-shih of 1713 who held the sinecure post of secretary of the Supervisorate of Imperial Instruction, also took sick leave and returned home. In 1728 Chang T'ing-shu was accused of having some years before accepted a bribe, but he died while on the way to his trial. Chang Chin was banished for not securing delivery of the funds in question, and his family property was confiscated. Another son, Chang Yen 張綖, a chin-shih of 1715, once held office as a secretary of the Board of Revenue.
[1/270/6a; 2/13/5a; 3/60/28a; 4/21/18b; 12/14/40b.]
CHANG T'ing-yü 張廷玉 (T. 衡臣, H. 硯齋, 澄懷主人), Oct. 29, 1672–1755, April 30, official,
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