and Shu-ching (書經) chung-lun, 4 chüan. In the Tu-su t'ang wên-chi appears an account of Emperor Shêng-tsu's second tour to South China (1689) and a collection of miscellaneous notes.
Chang Ying's eldest son, Chang T'ing-tsan 張廷瓚 (T. 卣臣, H. 隨齋, 1655–1702), became a chin-shih in 1679, entering the Hanlin Academy with the same rank that his father had achieved twelve years previously. His second son, Chang T'ing-yü, who became a chin-shih and Hanlin bachelor in 1700, was highly trusted by three emperors. Two other sons, Chang T'ing-lu 張廷璐 (T. 寶臣, H. 葯齋, 1675-1715), and Chang T'ing-chüan 張廷瑑 (T. 桓臣, H. 思齋, 1681–1764), also entered the Academy. It is noteworthy that in addition to Chang Ying himself and his four above mentioned sons, four grandsons and one great-grandson received this distinction.
[1/273/4a; 3/9/29a; 74/1a, 6b; Chang Wên-tuan kung chi (1897) of which the section, entitled Ts'un-ch'êng t'ang shih-chi 4/14b, gives date of birth; T'oung Pao (1924), p. 365; 張氏宗譜 Chang-shih tsung-p'u (1890), 4/12b passim.]
CHANG Yü-chao 張裕釗 (T. 廉卿, H. 濓亭), 1833–1894, man of letters, was born in a village near Wuchang, Hupeh. His father, Chang Shan-chün 張善準 (T. 樹程, 平泉, H. 愚公, 1796–1865), was a local scholar of some note. After studying under his father, he obtained in 1846 his chü-jên degree, and in 1850 went to Peking where he was made a secretary of the Grand Secretariat. Late in 1852, when the Taipings threatened Wuchang, he returned to his native place and shortly after became a member of the secretarial staff of Tsêng Kuo-fan [q. v.] with whom he had become acquainted during his stay in Peking. With Wu Ju-lun and Li Shu-ch'ang [qq. v.] he then studied diligently the belles-lettres of the T'ung-ch'êng school (see under Fang Pao). Unlike other followers of Tsêng Kuo-fan he was indifferent to political and military affairs, hence he did not obtain an official position. After the Taipings had been subdued and Tsêng Kuo-fan twice took office in Nanking as governor-general of Liang-Kiang, Chang was invited to the city to direct several academies, at the same time assisting Tsêng in cultural matters. In 1881 Chang was made chief compiler of a gazetteer Kao-ch'un, Kiangsu, and corrected the drafts compiled by local scholars. The gazetteer was printed in the same year in 28 chüan under the title 高淳縣志 Kao-ch'un hsien-chih. Late in the 1880's he served for a few years as director of the Lien-ch'ih (蓮池) Academy at Pao-ting, Chihli, and then went to Sian, Shensi, where he lived under the patronage of the Tartar General Jung-lu [q. v.].
Chang Yü-chao and Wu Ju-lun were perhaps the two best writers of the ku-wên, or archaic, style at the close of the Ch'ing period. Chang's prose works were edited and printed in 1882 by his pupil, Cha Yen-hsü (see below), under the title 濓亭文集 Lien-t'ing wên-chi, 8 chüan. Another collection of his prose, entitled Lien-t'ing i-wên (遺文), 5 chüan, and a collection of his verse, Lien-t'ing i-shih (詩), 2 chüan, were printed in 1895 by Li Shu-ch'ang. Chang's letters were collected by Liu Shêng-mu 劉聲木 (T. 述之, H. 十枝, original ming 體信) under the title 張濓卿尺牘 Chang Lien-ch'ing ch'ih-tu, and were printed in 1929 in Liu's 桐城文學叢書 T'ung-ch'êng wên-hsüeh ts'ung-shu. Chang Yü-chao was also a famous calligrapher.
Among the disciples of Chang Yü-chao, not including those who were taught by both Chang and Wu Ju-lun (for whom see under Wu), were the following brilliant writers: Chu Ming-p'an 朱銘盤 (T. 俶簡, H. 曼君, 1852–1893); Cha Yen-hsü 查燕緒 (T. 翼甫, H. 繼亭, 1843–1917); Sun Pao-t'ien 孫葆田 (T. 佩南, 1840–1911); and Chang Chien 張謇 (T. 季直, H. 嗇庵, 嗇翁, 1853–1926). All of them left works, among them the 校經室文集 Chiao-ching shih wên-chi, 6 chüan (1916), a collection of prose by Sun Pao-t'ien; and the 張季子九錄 Chang Chi-tzŭ chiu-lu (1931), the collected works of Chang Chien, who was the chuang-yüan of 1894, and later became an industrialist and social reformer.
[1/491/19b; 6/51/10a; Liu Shêng-mu (see above), T'ung-ch'êng wên-hsüeh yüan-yüan k'ao (淵源考) 1909, chüan 10; Lien-t'ing wên-chi (see above), passim.]
CHANG Yü-shu 張玉書 (T. 素存, H. 潤甫), July 22, 1642–1711, July 2, official and scholar, was a native of Tan-t'u, Kiangsu, second son of Chang Chiu-chêng 張九徵 (T. 公選, H. 湘曉, 1618–1684, chin-shih of 1647 and director of education of Honan in 1664–67). Chang Yü-shu himself became a chin-shih in 1661, with appointment as bachelor in the Hanlin Academy. Three
65
