rebels (see under Sêng-ko-lin-ch'in) attacked Shan-yang. He joined the magistrate in successfully defending the city. In 1861 he was formally appointed, by imperial decree, to the commission for training the civilian corps of Northern Kiangsu and, for his efforts in defending the city of Shan-yang, was given the title of an official of the third rank with the decoration of a peacock feather. Later he was raised to the second rank.
Ting Yen was public spirited, being active in raising funds and in contributing his own time and fortune to famine relief, dredging of waterways, repairing public buildings, and other public works. He advocated issue of paper money—a subject he liked to discuss—and was greatly in favor of the strict prohibition of opium. In his last days he and Ho Shao-chi [q. v.] served as chief compilers of the Shan-yang hsien-chih of 1873. In 1872 he was feted in celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of his becoming a hsiu-ts'ai. He has some fifty titles of scholarly works to his credit, of which 23 were brought together under the title 頤志齋叢書 I-chih chai ts'ung-shu, printed in 1862. About half of the rest were printed in various ts'ung-shu, or separately. In a study of the Classic of History, which he entitled 尚書餘論 Shang-shu yü-lun, he adduced additional proofs for the views of Hui Tung [q. v.] and others that the so-called "ancient text" of the Classic of History (see under Yen Jo-chü) was written by Wang Su 王肅 (T. 子雍, 195–256 A.D.). Concerning the Yü-kung, or geographical section in that History, he collected a number of commentaries which he edited under the title 禹貢集釋 Yü-kung chi-shih, 3 chüan. On the study of the Odes and the three Classics of Rites he produced eight works, of which seven were printed in 1852 by Yang I-tsêng [q. v.] under the collective title 六藝堂詩禮七編 Liu-i-t'ang Shih Li ch'i-pien, but these were later incorporated in the I-chih chai ts'ung-shu. He found fault with the commentary to the Tso-chuan by Tu Yü 杜預 (T. 元凱, 222–284 A.D.) in a work which he entitled to 左傳杜解集正 Tso-chuan Tu-chieh chi-chêng, 8 chüan. Ting's poems and short writings in prose, entitled I-chih chai shih-wên chi (詩文集), 16 chüan, were never printed. A manuscript copy was bought by Lo Chên-yü (see under Chao Chih-ch'ien) who, judging it unworthy to be printed as a whole, selected a few examples containing biographical information, and printed them in the 雪堂叢刻 Hsüeh-tang ts'ung-k'o (1915) under the title I-chih chai wên-ch'ao (文鈔) and I-chih chai kan-chiu shih (感舊詩).
Two of Ting Yen's sons became chin-shih: the eldest, Ting Shou-ch'ang 丁壽昌 (T. 頤伯, H. 菊泉), in 1847; and the second, Ting Shou-ch'i 丁壽祺 (T. 仲山), in 1859. Both were writers and officials.
[1/488/22b; 2/69/44b; 5/74/11b; Kiangsu, Huai-an fu-chih (1844) 29/72b; Liu Wên-ch'i [q. v.], Ch'ing-hsi shu-wu chi 10/5b; 石亭紀事 Shih-t'ing chi-shih in I-chih chai ts'ung-shu; Shan-yang hsien-chih (1921) 10/1a.]
TO-êr-kun. See under Dorgon.
TO-to. See under Dodo.
TSAI-ch'üan 載銓 (T. 筠鄰主人), d. Nov. 6, 1854, the fifth Prince Ting (定郡王), was a great-great-grandson of Emperor Kao-tsung. His great-grandfather, Yung-huang 永璜 (1728–1750), the eldest son of Kao-tsung, was posthumously made a prince of the first degree with the designation Ting (定親王), and was canonized as An 安. Yung-huang had two sons, Mien-tê 綿德 (d. 1786) and Mien-ên 綿恩 (d. 1822). At first Mien-tê inherited the rank of Prince Ting but was deprived of it in 1776 for carrying on illegal relationships with certain officials. The rank then passed to Mien-ên who was canonized as Kung 恭. In 1822 the latter's son, I-shao 奕紹 (1776–1836), inherited the rank as the fourth Prince Ting, and was canonized as Tuan 端. When I-shao died the rank passed on to his eldest son, Tsai-ch'üan.
Tsai-ch'üan was educated in the palace school for princes, and in 1808 began to study under T'ang Chin-chao [q. v.]. In 1816, presumably after an examination held for Imperial Clansmen, he was appointed a nobleman of the tenth rank. Later he was successively raised to a nobleman of the ninth rank (1823), to a prince of the eighth degree (1831), and finally to a prince of the sixth degree (1835). In the meantime he served as an adjutant and as president of the Board of Ceremonies (December 1834–35) and of the Board of Works (August 1835–36). He also held several concurrent posts, including that of general commandant of the Light Division stationed at Hsiang-shan, west of Peking. When his father died, late in December 1836, Tsai-ch'üan was relieved from service as president of the Board of Works. As heir to the family estate, he became the fifth Prince Ting, inheriting a princedom of the second degree. In the last decade of Emperor Hsüan-tsung's reign Tsai-ch'üan held the post of presiding controller of
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