by nature, he spent the remaining ten years of retirement chiefly in reading and writing.
Owing to the fact that a large part of his career was devoted to questions of revenue, Tung Hsün wrote two works on the tribute transportation systems. One, entitled 楚漕江程 Ch'u Ts'ao chiang-ch'êng, 16 chüan, dealing with grain transport on the Yangtze, from Chang-sha through Hupeh, Kiangsi, and Anhwei to Yangchow, was completed in 1854 and printed in 1877. The other, entitled 江北運程 Chiang-pei yün-Ch'êng, 40 chüan, deals with water transport north of the Yangtze, from Yangchow through Shantung and Chihli, to Peking. It was co mpleted in 1860 and printed in 1867. His autobiographical nien-p'u, entitled 還讀我書室老人手訂年譜 Huan-tu-wo-shu shih lao-jên shou-ting nien-p'u, 2 chüan (with portrait), conluding in 1891, the year before his death, was printed by his grandson, Tung Ch'êng 董誠 in 1992. Tung Hsün also produced scores of travel diaries and memoirs of his various missions, among them: 度隴記 Tu Lung chi, on a journey to Kansu in 1849-50 in the company of Ch'i Chün-tsao [q. v.]; 鳳臺祗謁筆記 Fêng-t'ai chih-yeh pi-chi, on a mission to the Eastern Imperial Tombs in 1870; and Yung-ning (永寧) chih-yeh pi-chi, on a mission to the Western Imperial Tombs in 1872. Tung Hsün's collected liter ary works, entitled 荻芬書屋文稿 Ti-fên shu-wu wên-kao, 2 chüan; and Ti-fên shu-wu shih (詩) kao, 4 chüan, were printed during his lifetime. His comments to Wên-k'ang's novel, Êr-nü ying-hsiung chuan (see under Wên-ch'ing), are quite popular.
[Chin-shih jên-wu chih (see under Wêng T'ung-ho), 114; Martin, W. A. P., A Cycle of Cathay, pp. 355–58; Tung-hua lu; Ch'ou-pan i-wu shih-mo (see under I-hsin).]
TUNG Kao 董誥 (T. 雅倫, 西京, H. 蔗林, 柘林), Apr. 23, 1740–1818, Nov. 8, official, painter, and calligrapher, a native of Fu-yang, Chekiang, was a son of Tung Pang-ta [q. v.]. He took his chin-shih degree in 1763, and became a bachelor in the Hanlin Academy with assignment as proof-reader in the Wu-ying tien 武英殿. In this capacity he participated in the revision of the 皇朝禮器圖式 Huang-ch'ao li-ch'i t'u-shih, 18 chüan—an illustrated description of the sacrificial vessels, robes, musical instruments, insignia, etc., used in the ceremonies of the reigning dynasty—which was completed in 1759 and revised in 1766. Tung Kao was appointed a compiler of the second class in the Hanlin Academy (1766) and in 1771 was ordered to serve in the Imperial Study. After filling various posts in the Hanlin Academy and in the Supervisorate of Imperial Instruction, he became examiner of the provincial examination in Kiangnan (1774), subchancellor of the Grand Secretariat (1775), and junior vice-president of the Board of Works (1776–77). In 1776 he was made assistant director-general of the Ssŭ-k'u Commission and director-general of the Wu-ying tien, chiefly in charge of the Ssŭ-k'u ch'üan-shu hui-yao (see under Chi Yün). He served as junior, and then senior, vice-president of the Board of Revenue (1777–87) and was appointed director-general (1777) for the compilation of the 滿洲源流考 Man-chou yüan-liu k'ao, 20 chüan, an historical and geographical study of Manchuria, completed in 1783. In 1778 he was in charge of the Bureau of Music, and in the following year became a Grand Councilor. After a term of ten years as president of the Board of Revenue (1787–96) he was made a Grand Secretary (1796) and concurrently honorary president of the Board of Ceremonies. In 1799 he became director of the Commission on Historiography, and was given the title of Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent. As a reward for his aid in suppressing the White Lotus Sect in Shensi, Hupeh, and Szechwan (see under Ê-lê-têng-pao) he was given (1802) the hereditary rank of Ch'i-tu-yü 騎都尉. In 1808 he was director of the metropolitan examination—a post he again filled in 1811. In the meantime he served as one of the directors for the compilation of the great collection of T'ang prose literature known as 全唐文 Ch'üan T'ang wên, 1,000 + 4 chüan, commissioned in 1808, completed in 1814, and printed shortly after. The collection contains 18,488 essays by 3,042 authors. It was reprinted in 1901 by the Kuang-ya shu-chü (see under Chang Chih-tung). In 1809 he was made Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. Tung Kao retired in 1818 because of illness, and died a few months later. He was canonized as Wên-kung 文恭, and his tablet was entered in the Temple of Eminent Statesmen.
For four decades, during two reign-periods, Tung Kao served in the Court and was honored and trusted by both Emperors—Kao-tsung and Jên-tsung. He was known for his sincerity, tact, and sagacity, and it was largely by these
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