In 1725 he and his associate, Arsungga (see under Ebilun), were deprived of their dukedoms and exiled to Mukden where, a year later, they were executed. The dukedom left by T'ung Kuo-kang was then inherited by his third son, Kuadai 夸岱 (H. 桐軒), and remained in the latter's family until the close of the dynasty.
T'ung Kuo-kang's second son, Fahai 法海 (T. 淵若, H. 陶庵, 1671–1737), was a chin-shih of 1694 and a member of the Hanlin Academy. Fahai later served as governor of Kwangtung (1716–18) and of Chekiang (1724–26), and as president of the Board of War (1726–27). Like his brother, Olondai, he was punished for showing disapproval of Emperor Shih-tsung's persecution of the princes. In 1727 he was sent to Mongolia to redeem himself by working on irrigation projects, but was pardoned in 1732. In 1736 he began to serve as a teacher in the school for the children of high Banner officials (咸安宮官學), but died the following year.
One of T'ung Kuo-kang's grandsons, Chieh-fu 介福 (T. 受茲, H. 景庵, 野園), was a chin-shih of 1733 and a member of the Hanlin Academy. Later he served for twelve years (1750–62) as senior vice-president of the Board of Ceremonies, and in various concurrent posts. He was a celebrated man of letters and left several collections of verse.
[1/287/5b; 3/345/28a; 4/120/12b; 34/138/27b; Gerbillon, in Du Halde, J. B., Description de l'Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise (1736) IV, p. 61; 順天府志 Shun-t'ien-fu chih (1884), 6/35b; China Review, vol. IX, 1880–81, p. 168; Ch'ien Ta-hsin [q. v.], Ch'ien-yen t'ang wên-chi, 37/1a.]
T'UNG Kuo-wei 佟國維, d. 1719, uncle of Emperor Shêng-tsu, was a son of T'ung T'u-lai [q. v.] and a member of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. The family belonged originally to the Chinese Plain Blue Banner, but was raised to the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner in 1688 on the request of T'ung Kuo-kang [q. v.], who was T'ung Kuo-wei's elder brother and inheritor of the family title of duke of the first class. During the K'ang-hsi period the two brothers were called Chiu-chiu 舅舅 (uncle on the mother's side) because their sister was the mother of Emperor Shêng-tsu.
T'ung Kuo-wei began his official career in 1660 as a senior Bodyguard in the Palace. Ten years later he was appointed a senior assistant chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard. Early in 1674, after the rebellion of Wu San-kuei [q. v.] in Yunnan had begun, a group of Wu's men plotted a riot in Peking. Hearing of their plan, T'ung Kuo-wei with the aid of thirty guards apprehended the ringleaders. In 1682 he was promoted to the rank of chamberlain of the Imperial Bodyguard and later became a member of the State Council. When his eldest daughter (who had become an imperial consort about 1677) fell seriously ill in the summer of 1689 she was unexpectedly raised to the rank of Empress in the hope that this recognition might prolong her life, but she died on the following day (August 24, see under Hung Shêng). She was canonized as Hsiao-i Jên Huang-hou 孝懿仁皇后; and T'ung Kuo-wei, as father of an Empress, was made a duke of the first class. A younger daughter (1668–1743) later also became an imperial consort. In 1690 T'ung Kuo-wei served under Fu-ch'üan [q. v.] at the battle of Ulan-butung against Galdan [q. v.], in which his brother T'ung Kuo-kang was killed. He accompanied the Emperor on both of the latter's expeditions against Galdan in 1696 and in 1697. In 1704 he and Mingju [q. v.] were authorized to supervise famine relief near Peking where a large number of people had gathered from famine-stricken districts of Shantung. Not long thereafter he retired on account of old age.
In 1708, after the heir-apparent, Yin-jêng [q. v.], had been imprisoned for the second time in six years, the Emperor asked the princes and high officials at Court to meet and recommend another of his sons in place of Yin-jêng. The choice was unanimously in favor of Yin-ssŭ [q. v.], the Emperor's eighth son who unfortunately, however, had recently incurred his father's displeasure. When the Emperor learned by inquiry that Maci, K'uei-hsü, Wang Hung-hsü [qq. v.], and T'ung Kuo-wei, as well as several of his sons, had influenced the decision in favor of Yin-ssŭ, T'ung Kuo-wei was severely rebuked but was not punished. However, his grandson, Sunggayan 舜安顏, who married Emperor Shêng-tsu's ninth daughter, Princess Wên-hsien (see under Empress Hsiao-kung), was deprived of his official rank. T'ung Kuo-wei died in 1719, but perhaps because of this episode Emperor Shêng-tsu did not grant him a posthumous name, delaying also in appointing a successor to his hereditary rank. After the death of Shêng-tsu in 1722 T'ung Kuo-wei's third son, Lungkodo [q. v.], successfully used his position as general commandant of the Gendarmerie of
795
