Peking to support the claims of Yin-chên [q. v.] to the throne. Grateful for this support, Yinchên permitted Lungkodo to succeed to his father's hereditary rank, and T'ung Kuo-wei was granted the posthumous name, Tuan-ch'un 端純. A temple to the honor of T'ung Kuo-wei's father, his brother, and himself was built outside the gate, Chao-yang-men 朝陽門, Peking, in 1724.
In 1727, after Lungkodo was condemned by Emperor Shih-tsung, the first class dukedom was inherited by T'ung Kuo-wei's sixth son, Ch'ing-fu 慶復 (T. 瑞園, H. 邵亭, d. 1749), who served as president of the Board of Revenue from 1733 to 1735. Late in 1735 he was given by Emperor Kao-tsung the rank of Ting-pien Ta Chiang-chün 定邊大將軍 to supervise the defenses in Mongolia against the Eleuths, but was recalled a year later after a truce was agreed upon. Thereafter he served as acting president of the Board of Punishments (1736–37), and as governor-general of Kiangnan and Kiangsi (1737), of Yunnan (1737–41), of Kwangtung and Kwangsi (1741–43) and of Szechwan and Shensi (1743–47). From 1744 to 1746 he was in charge of the armies in western Szechwan for suppressing rebellions of the aborigines, and after 1744 held the concurrent post of a Grand Secretary. In 1747, when the Chin-ch'uan aborigines rebelled, the command of the troops against the rebels was given to Chang Kuang-ssŭ [q. v.] and Ch'ing-fu was recalled to Peking. Early in 1748, after it was proved that a rebel leader, whom Ch'ing-fu had reported as dead, was not only alive but active, Ch'ing-fu was sentenced to die. In the following year he was ordered to commit suicide. The dukedom founded by T'ung Kuo-wei was abolished.
[1/293/1a; 1/303/5b; 2/11/13b; 3/281/1a; 34/138/29b; Mêng Sên, Ch'ing-ch'u san-ta-i-an k'ao-shih (see bibl. under Fu-lin) Part III; Shun-t'ien-fu chih (1886) 6/42a; Hsüeh-ch'iao shih-hua (see under Shêng-yü), supplement 3/77b.]
T'UNG T'u-lai 佟圖賴 (original name 佟盛年), d. 1658, age 53 (sui), general, was a native of Fu-shun, Liaotung. He inherited the minor hereditary rank of his father, T'ung Yang-chên [q. v.], who was killed in 1621. Ten years later he began to show military talent in the wars against the Ming forces, winning great distinction in various engagements. When the Chinese Banners were reorganized in 1642, after the Manchu pattern, he was appointed lieutenant-general of the Chinese Plain Blue Banner. In the same year he memorialized on the urgency of conquering Peking and its environs, and in the following year assisted Jirgalang [q. v.] in the capture of several forts northeast of Shanhaikwan. When the conquest of China began, in 1644, T'ung T'u-lai was made head of the Chinese Bordered White Banner and succeeded in pacifying many cities in Shantung and Shansi. Later in the same year he assisted Dodo [q. v.] in the conquest of South China. After Kiangnan and part of Chekiang were pacified he was made baron of the second class. Granted in 1648 the title "General who Subdues the South" (定南將軍), he led his men into Hunan where he won many battles against Ming troops. Upon his triumphant return in 1651, he was given a banquet by imperial decree, was transferred to the headship of the Chinese Plain Blue Banner, and was raised to the hereditary rank of viscount of the third class. He retired in 1656, died two years later, and was given posthumously the name Ch'in-hsiang 勤襄.
One of his daughters, who was later canonized as Hsiao-k'ang Chang Huang-hou (see under Hsüan-yeh), became an imperial secondary consort of Fu-lin [q. v.] and in 1654 gave birth to the latter's third son, Hsüan-yeh [q. v.], who later ruled China for sixty-one years under the reign-title, K'ang-hsi. Hsüan-yeh posthumously (1677) raised the rank of T'ung T'u-lai to duke of the first class, and confirmed the appointment of his eldest son, T'ung Kuo-kang [q. v.], as his successor. T'ung T'u-lai's second son, T'ung Kuo-wei [q. v.], was the father of one of Hsuanyeh's Empresses. In the late K'ang-hsi period most of the T'ungs secretly supported Yin-ssŭ [q. v.], eighth son of Emperor Shêng-tsu (see under Hsüan-yeh) as successor to the throne. But Lungkodo [q. v.], son of T'ung Kuo-wei, took a prominent share in supporting Emperor Shih-tsung (see under Yin-chên) who in return decreed, in 1724, that a temple should be erected to the honor of T'ung T'u-lai and his two sons. The family's residence in Peking is still known as the T'ung Fu 佟府, and is located on the street called Têng-shih-k'ou 燈市口. In recent years it has been occupied in part by the Yenching Woman's College and, later still, by the Bridgman Academy for Girls.
[1/173/2b; 1/241/9a; 2/4/4a; 3/42/17a; 4/5/3a; 順天府志 Shun-t'ien-fu chih (1886) 13/33a; China Review, vol. IX, 1880–81, pp. 167–68.]
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