was P'an Shih-ch'êng 潘仕成 (T. 德畬) upon whom Emperor Hsüan-tsung conferred a chü-jên degree in 1832 for his contribution to relief funds for famine sufferers in Chihli. He served for several years as a department director, a position which he purchased. During the first half of the eighteen-forties he helped Ch'i-ying [q. v.] in treaty negotiations and was engaged in building a squadron for the South China Sea. For about ten years, beginning in 1848, he was salt controller of Kwangtung. In 1858 he assisted Kuei-liang [q. v.] at Shanghai in the Sino-British negotiation on tariff and trade. Thereafter he seems to have engaged in the salt and tea business, but a few years before his death his firm failed. Some sources state that he was at one time engaged in foreign trade, but this is doubtful. His residence, styled Hai-shan hsien-kuan 海山仙館 (built in his garden, named Li-hsiang Yüan 荔香園), was famous for its luxurious architecture and for its rich collection of books, paintings and calligraphy. He was best known as the publisher of the collectanea, Hai-shan hsien-kuan ts'ung-shu (叢書), which was edited on the basis of the books in his library by T'an Ying [q. v.] whom he employed. The main part of this collectanea, consisting of 54 items, was printed during the years 1845–49, and three additional titles were printed later—two in 1851 and one in 1885. The printing blocks for the work later came into the possession of the Kuang-ya Printing Office (see under Chang Chih-tung) in Canton where it was reprinted.
[Ch'ên Shou-ch'i [q. v.], Tso-hai wên-chi 9/9a; Chang Wei-p'ing [q. v.],I-t'an lu, hsia 16a; P'an-yü hsien-chih (1871 and 1931 editions) and Kuang-chou fu-chih (1879), passim.; Liang Chia-pin, Kwangtung shih-san hang k'ao (see bibl. under Li Shih-yao) p. 259-73; Morse, H. B., The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China, vols. I–III (1926), passim.; Hunter, W. C. Bits of Old China (1885), pp. 78–82.]
P'AN Ch'êng-chang 潘檉章 (T. 聖木, H. 力田), d. July 1, 1663, age 38 (sui), historian, was a native of Wu-chiang, Kiangsu. Refraining from taking the examinations under the newly established Manchu regime, he and Wu Yen [q. v.] determined in 1652 to collaborate on a history of the Ming dynasty and on an historical account of the same period in poetical form. The former was destroyed in manuscript; the latter, which was completed in 1656 under the title of Chin yüeh-fu, has come down to our time, although banned by imperial decree (for both works see under Wu Yen). P'an himself wrote a book of biographical sketches of famous people of his own district, entitled 松陵文獻 Sung-ling wên-hsien, in 15 chüan and a work supplementing and correcting the Shih-lu or official records of the Ming emperors, which he entitled "Discrepancies in the National History" (國史考異, Kuo-shih k'ao-i). Six chüan of the latter (originally there were more than 30) may be seen in the Kung-shun t'ang ts'ung-shu (see under P'an Tsu-yin). The Sung-ling wên-hsien was preserved by his half-brother, P'an Lei [q. v.], whose preface states that it was printed in 1694. P'an Ch'êng-chang and Wu Yen were arrested in March 1663 because their names appeared as assistant compilers of the Ming-shih chi-lüeh of Chuang T'ing-lung [q. v.]. They were put to death in Hangchow early in July of the same year.
[6/35/23a–28b; Wu-chiang hsien-chih (1747),33/38b and 55/40a–44a.]
P'AN Lei 潘耒 (T. 次耕, H. 稼堂, 止止居士), 1646–1708, Nov. 11, scholar, was a native of Wu-chiang, Kiangsu, and a younger half-brother of P'an Ch'êng-chang [q. v.]. When the latter was involved in the case of Chuang T'ing-lung [q. v.] P'an Lei lived in disguise in his mother's home under the assumed name of Wu Ch'i 吳琦. He studied under Ku Yen-wu, Hsü Fang [qq. v.] and Tai Li 戴笠 (T. 耘野, H. 曼公, original ming 鼎立, T. 則之), and in 1679 was summoned to Peking to take the special examination known as po-hsüeh hung-tz'ŭ (see under P'êng Sun-yü) which he passed as the youngest scholar on the list. Among the fifty successful competitors only he, Chu I-tsun [q. v.], Li Yin-tu (see under Ch'ü Ta-chün), and Yen Shêng-sun 嚴繩孫 (T. 蓀友, H. 藕漁, 1623–1702) had not previously held an official post nor acquired a degree—a coincidence that caused them to be known as "the four cotton-clothed scholars" 四布衣, or commoners.
Made a Hanlin corrector and appointed one of the compilers of the history of the Ming Dynasty (Ming-shih), he edited the section on political economy, known as shih-huo chih 食貨志, and the biographical sketches (lieh-
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