references to the Christian faith. These three were issued in 1727—four years after the accused were first condemned. The first of these edicts, dated May 28, referred to Urcen and his brothers as disloyal—stubbornly holding on to their faith when their lives were in danger. The second, dated June 8, was in answer to the courtiers' plea that Sunu's sons be executed. The Emperor responded that he would not execute them, for they would then be heralded in Europe as martyrs. The third edict, dated September 10, resulted from the discovery that Sunu had secreted certain writings of Emperor Shêng-tsu and had scribbled remarks over the imperial handwriting—an offense seized upon by Shihtsung as treasonous. The tenacity with which Sunu's sons clung to their faith is, indeed, mentioned in this edict, but seems to have impressed the Emperor as of secondary importance—the cause of the persecution of Sunu and his family was primarily Court politics. It was unfortunate, however, for the progress of Christianity, that they were condemned by the Emperor at the time that they were converted. This, and the part that Jean Mourao played against Emperor Shih-tsung, doubtless made the Emperor suspicious of the missionaries in general and hindered the cause of Christianity.
Sunu is referred to in missionary accounts under the name Sourniama. His third son, Surgiyen 蘇爾金 (d. 1727, age about 60), one of the most devoted Christians, was baptized in 1721 as Jean. Being the third son, he is sometimes referred to by the missionaries as San-kong-yê 三公爺. Several female members of the family were also converted. New light has recently been thrown on these early Christian contacts through the researches of Ch'ên Yüan 陳垣 (T. 援庵, b. 1880, chü-jên of 1898) and others.
[Ch'ên Yüan, "Imperial Clansmen who Accepted Christianity in the Yung-chêng and Ch'ien-lung Periods", article in Chinese in Fu-jên hsüeh-chih (see bibl. under Liu Pao-nan), vol. 3, no. 2; Pfister, Notices Biographiques etc., passim; 1/168/6a; 1/211/13b; 1/222/3b; Tung-hua lu, Yung-chêng, passim; Lettres Édifiantes (1843), vol. 3, p. 366–481.]
ŠURHACI 舒爾哈齊, 1564–1611, Sept. 25, member of the Imperial Family, was a younger brother of Nurhaci [q. v.], the founder of the Ch'ing Dynasty. Under the Ming government he held the title of local chieftain (tu-chih-hui 都指揮) in the Chien-chou district, and maintained relations with the Chinese authorities up to the beginning of 1607. In that year he joined Nurhaci in the campaign against the Ula tribe (see under Bujantai), receiving the title of darhan baturu. But he was unable to agree with his brother, and four years later was put to death at the latter's order. Although his own career is unimportant, he was the ancestor of a number of men of distinction. In 1653 he was posthumously given the rank of Ch'in-wang and the name Chuang 莊.
His second son, Amin, and the sixth, Jirgalang [qq. v.], were the most distinguished. Among his grandsons, those who rose to distinction were the following: Jidu [q. v.]; Shang-shan (see under Jangtai); Fulata (see under Tê-p'ei); Tunci 屯齊 (1614–1663), a veteran of many wars during the years 1636 to 1659, and successor to Nikan as commander of the expeditionary force in Hunan (1652–54); and Loto 洛託 (1616–1665) who, as commander-in-chief of the Manchu forces, co-operated in 1657–59 with Hung Ch'êng-ch'ou [q. v.] in conquering Hunan and Kweichow. Among Šurhaci's other descendants were Wasan, Tê-p'ei and Su-shun [qq. v.].
[1/167/14b; 1/221/4b; 2/2/25b passim; 3 shou 6/1a; 4/1/11b; 34/124/1a; Man-chou lao-tang pi-lu (see under Nurhaci) 上/2b; Ch'ing Huang-shih ssŭ-p'u (see Fu-lung-an) 3/2b; Oshibuchi Hajime 鴛淵一, "The Death of Šurhaci" (in Japanese) Shirin, vol. XVII, no. 3 (1932).]
T
TA-hai. See under Dahai.
TA-shun. Reign-title of Chang Hsien-chung [q. v.].
T'A-ch'i-pu 塔齊布 (clan name 陶佳 or 托爾佳 T. 智亭), d. Aug. 30, 1855, age 39 (sui), member of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner, was one of the most valiant generals in the campaign against the Taipings. While serving as an imperial bodyguard he was ordered to Hunan (1851) as a captain. Tsêng Kuo-fan [q. v.], impressed with his loyalty and his prowess, strongly recommended him to the throne as one capable of great usefulness. This judgment was confirmed when T'a-ch'i-pu dealt the Taipings a serious blow by dislodging them, after sanguinary encounters, from the city of Hsiang-t'an
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