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184 A P A P fessions, e.g., the Westminster, a decided judgment is passed on them, that they are not " to be any otherwise approved or made use of than other human writings," a milder ver dict is expressed regarding them in many other quarters, e.g., in the " argument " prefixed to them in the Geneva Bible; in the 6th Article of the Church of England, where it is said that " the other books the church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners," though not to establish doctrine; and elsewhere. Somewhat bitter controversies have raged over the Apocrypha in recent times. One was carried on in Scotland in 1825 and following years, which had the effect of induc ing the British and Foreign Bible Society to employ its funds for the circulation of the canonical Scriptures only. Abundant materials for a history of this controversy may be found in the pages of the Christian Instructor for the years just named. More recently a similar controversy has been waged in Germany, where Stier and Bleek and Hengstenberg were found on the side of the Apocrypha, and Keerl with others against. See Die Apokryphen- frage, mit Berucksichtiguiig der darauf beziiglichen Schriften Dr Stier s imd Dr Hengstenberg s, aufs Neue beleuchtet, von P. F. Keerl, Leip. 1855. Useful works on the subject are Fabricii Codex Pseudepigraphicus Vet. Test., Hamb. and Leip. 1713 and 1741 ; Libri Apocryphi Vet. Test. Greece, recensuit et cuin Commentario critico edidit Otto Frid. Fritzsche, Lipsise, 1871; Kurzgefasstes Exegetixchcs Hand- buck zu den Apok. des Alt. Test., bearbeitet von Dr 0. F. Fritzsche u. Dr C. L. W. Grimm, in 6 Lieferungen. Com pare also, Ewald, History of Israel, vol. v. (trans.) Lond. 1874, Schiirer, Lehrbuch der Neutest. Zeitgeschichte, Leip. 1874; Langen, Das Judenthum in Palestina zur Zeit Christi, Freiburg, 1866; Nicolas, Des Doctrines Itcli- gieuses des Juifs, pendant les 2 siecles anterieurs a I ere chretienne, Paris, 1860. Much information may also be found in the Introductions to the Old Testament, e.g., Davidson s, vol. iii., and in the articles " Apocrypha," " Canon," and those on the individual books in Smith s and Kitto s Bible Dictionaries and Herzog s Encyklo- padie. (A. B. D.) APOCRYPHAL BOOKS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. These may be divided into two classes those books which were actually held as inspired by some portion of the Christian church, and those which were never acknowledged as canonical. Among the first are some of the writings ascribed to the apostolical fathers. The First Epistle of Clement was read in the churches, is quoted in the same manner as Scripture by Irenajus, and is found in the Codex Alexandrinus. The Pastor of Hennas was also read in the churches, is mentioned as inspired by Irenseus, Clemens Alexandrinus, and Origen, and is found in the Codex Sinaiticus. Somewhat similar respect was paid to the Epistle of Polycarp and the Epistle of Barnabas. Besides these books there were different gospels in use in the early period of Christianity. The most famous of these was the Gospel according to the Hebrews. Some critics regard it as the earliest gospel of which we know anything. Its relation to our Gospels thus becomes a very important ques tion, the discussion of which, however, must be reserved for the article on the GOSPELS (q.v.) The Ebionites used this gospel. It was written in Aramaic. It goes sometimes by the name of the Gospel of the Nazarenes, or by the Gospel according to the Apostles ; and some think that it was also called the Gospel of Peter. This gospel no doubt under went alterations ; and Hilgenfeld, in his Nomim Testa- mentum extra Canonem Receptum, gives the fragments of what he considers the earliest form of the Gospel according to the Hebrews, then those of the Gospel of the Ebionites, which he considers very late, and then those of the Gospel of Peter, which he thinks occupied an intermediate place. We know very little more of the other gospels and apocryphal books than their names. Eusebius mentions the Acts of Peter, the Preaching of Peter, and the Revela- tion of Peter; the Acts of Paul, and the Doctrines of the Apostles. Origen mentions also the Gospel according to the Egyptians, the Gospel of Basilides, and the Gospel according to Thomas, and according to Matthias. Jerome, in addition to these, notices the Gospel according to Bartho lomew, and the Gospel of Apelles. Marcion also used a special gospel for his sect, but whether it was the Gospel of Luke, entire or mutilated, is keenly debated. And the book of the Prophet Elxai was held in high estimation by some sects. All these works have perished, and criticism can only conjecture, from a few scattered hints and frag ments, what was their nature. The other set of apocryphal books consists of works that have come down to us relating to Christ and his apostles, but which were never regarded as inspired by any sect. Some of these had a wide circulation in the Middle Ages, were translated into various languages, and, as might be expected, were subjected to all kinds of interpolations and alterations. Several of them refer to the infancy and boyhood of Jesus ; such as the Prot- evangelium of James, the Gospel of Thomas, the Arabic Gospel of the Infancy; and some deal with his death, as the Gesta Pilati or the Gospel of Nicodemus, and the narrative of Joseph of Arimathea. There seems reason to believo that the first form of the Protevangelium of St James and the first form of the Gesta Pilati were written in the second century ; but there can be no reasonable doubt that the forms in which we now have them belong to a much later date. There are also apocryphal Acts of Apostles and apo cryphal Revelations of Apostles. These seem all to belong to a later date than the earliest of the apocryphal gospels. The fragments of the gospels used by the early church and the sects are given in Hilgenf eld s Novum Testamentum extra Canonem Receptum (Lipsiae, 1866). The extant apocryphal Gospels, Acts, and Revelations have been edited in three separate volumes by Tischendorf, and have been translated by Mr Walker in vol. xvi. of Clark s Ante- Nicene Christian Library. These works contain references to the extensive Literature on the subject. Special mention may be made of Michel Nicolas s work, Etudes sur lei Evangiles Apocryplies (Paris, 1866), but almost all works on the Canon contain an account more or less full of tha apocryphal books of the New Testament. APOLDA, a town of Germany, in the grand-duchy of Saxe Weimar, situated near the river Ilm, 9 miles cast of Weimar, with which it is connected by railway. Hosiery and cloth are the chief manufactures of the town, besides which it contains pin and button factories, and bell foun dries. There are mineral springs in the neighbourhood. Population in 1871, 10,507. APOLLINARIS SIDONIUS, CAIUS SOLLITJS, an emi nent Christian writer and bishop, was born in Lyons about 430 A.D. Belonging to a noble family he Avas educated under the best masters, and particularly excelled in poetry and polite literature. He married Papianilla, the daughter of Avitus, who was consul, and afterwards emperor, by whom he had three children. But Majorianus, in the year 457, having deprived Avitus of the empire, and taken the city of Lyons, Apollinaris fell into the hands of the enemy. The reputa tion of his learning led Majorianus to treat him with the greatest respect ; in return for which Apollinaris composed a panegyric in his honour, which was so highly applauded, that he had a statue erected to him at Rome, and was honoured with the title of Count. In 467 the Emperor Anthemius rewarded him for the panegyric which he had written in honour of him, by raising him to the post of governor of Rome, and afterwards to the dignity of a

patrician and senator. But he soon qxiitted these secular