UNIVERSITIES 849 Statistics Dr Conrad, professor of political science at Halle, has of Ger- recently made the statistics relating to the German uni versities the subject of a careful investigation and analysis, which offer some interesting results. The total cost of the universities of the German empire is shown to be much smaller than the total revenues of the English universities and colleges, although the number both of professors and students is much larger, and although 42 per cent, of the total expenditure is upon establishments, such as hospitals, museums, and so forth. But in Germany 72 per cent, of the cost of the universities is defrayed by the state, the students paying, in the shape of fees, only 9-3 per cent. To a great extent, however, the German universities are to be looked upon as professional schools, giving an education which directly fits a man to earn his bread as a clergyman, a lawyer, a judge, a physician, a schoolmaster, a chemist, an engineer, or an agriculturist. Notwith standing the rapid growth in the numbers of the students, the growth of the professoriate has fully kept pace with it. In 1880 there were 1809 teachers at work in the German universities, more than half of whom (967) were full professors ("ordinarii"), the proportion of teachers to students being 1 to 11. This is a much higher propor tion than that of Oxford and Cambridge, although in them there is a large staff of college lecturers, which is practic ally more important than the university staff. It is higher again than the proportion of the Scottish universities, where there are only some 105 professors to between 5000 and 6000 students, a proportion of 1 to between 50 and 60 students. The increase in Germany has taken place partly by adding on fresh teachers for the old subjects, such as Latin and Greek, but still more by founding new chairs for new subjects, such as Oriental and Romance languages, geography, and archaeology, and by subdividing departments which have been recently developed, such as those con nected with political economy, political science, physiology, and biology. Owing to the great development of natural science, the faculty of philosophy has at some centres in creased to such an extent as to equal in numbers all the other faculties put together. This inconvenience has been differently met at different universities. In those of Switzerland, no further remedy has been devised than that of appointing separate syndicates or boards of management for the two main divisions, the philosophico-historic and the mathematical and natural-scientific ; at Dorpat, Tubin gen, and Strasburg, on the other hand, these divisions have been represented by the formation of two distinct faculties ; while Tubingen, Munich, and Wiirzburg have created, in addition, a third faculty under which are grouped the several subjects of political economy, statis tics, and finance. The following table (taken from Conrad) exhibits the average of Averages the total number of matriculated students at the German universi- of ties for every five years from 1831 to 1884; it brings the tendency to students form large centres very forcibly before the view. The three largest at Ger- centres Berlin, Leipsic, Munich even in the first quinquennium man uni- appear as absorbing no less than 35 per cent, of the students, and versities. in the last as many as 42 per cent. At the same time, there has lately been a no less notable increase among the centres of second magnitude. A quarter of a century ago only two universities had more than a thousand students ; at present there are nine. 2 TO
CO so 00 T S 3 i
a oo CO 1 SO K3 00 SO 1 6 00 t* o 3 t~ i 00 00 t- 00 00 Ml CO Berlin 1820 1762 1715 1461 1599 1593 1972 2218 1948 3102 4867 Breslau Halle 902 810 681 655 707 712 766 671 822 639 831 710 957 768 927 838 1037 968 1279 1017 1479 1544 Greifswald ... Konigsberg.. Bonn 208 421 795 198 391 647 218 347 632 190 323 80(i 214 358 807 273 390 813 345 445 896 420 469 866 508 606 776 538 723 944 725 909 1037 Miinster Gottingen. .. Marburg Kiel 261 865 331 275 213 774 273 244 238 670 263 208 284 676 265 151 348 684 245 141 473 687 254 149 524 721 264 194 453 772 332 172 409 1007 401 175 289 1002 510 262 280 1064 720 352 Munich Wiirzburg. .. Erlangen Tiibingen.. .. Heidelberg .. Freiburg Leipsic Jena 1556 445 278 805 661 474 1145 500 1392 440 297 745 570 433 1002 433 1329 472 316 889 727 235 917 421 1695 582 396 832 661 291 970 402 1700 743 475 764 684 331 843 396 1292 648 528 697 584 313 854 427 1245 625 474 777 742 303 991 482 1215 613 369 755 632 277 1433 384 1142 890 404 862 651 289 2686 423 1582 930 452 1076 643 426 3044 491 2468 1167 730 1217 732 615 3433 566 Giessen Rostock 355 95 367 95 484 88 476 87 383 98 356 121 378 144 294 152 318 141 587 350 176 713 497 232 844 The following table, taken from Ascherson s Deutscher Univer- Table sitats-Kalendcr, 1887, supplies the most recent statistics respecting of pro- both the teaching and the student bodies in the different faculties fessors of the German-speaking universities on the Continent. and students. Universities. PROFESSORS, &c. STUDENTS. Ordinary Professors Extra ordinary Professors. Honorary Professors. Privat- docenten, Assistant Teachers, <fec. Teachers of Languages &c. Total. Theology. Juris prudence, Political Economy, Forestry. Medicine, Surgei-y, Pharmacy Philosophy, Philology, Mathema tics, <fec. Total of Matriculatec Students. Evan gelical. Catholic. GERMAX EJIPIKE 75 57 57 39 36 38 65 41 50 43 35 41 44 67 44 75 22 29 59 52 38 37 41 41 22 25 38 42 26 r>0 41 39 54 83 83 31 33 15 9 27 23 30 28 24 11 24 38 15 15 10 3 20 16 10 13 6 23 3 13 5 6 17 11 14 20 55 7 2 3 1 1 2 i 6 8 12 5 1 "i "i "4 "i 11 "i 4 124 27 31 9 24 9 21 13 18 20 15 20 19 58 17 4 19 17 19 29 36 2!) 2 3 40 16 6 43 19 31 33 147 7 4 3 6 5 11 9 5 6 7 5 6 5 3 3 8 3 4 10 3 4 2 1 3 12 296 122 131 61 80
- >9
121 82 110 106 87 78 94 180 82 165 40 39 102 93 71 83 87 70 48 42 91 73 41 114 74 85 110 301 794 122 166 386 94 239 306 698 72 126 55 235 672 189 87 89 354 95 44 ? ? 9 41 235 86 165 116 146 312 160 179 "s 60 86 221 ? 9 204 1282 226 221 118 147 125 145 55 115 193 80 22 112 738 74 1136 "S5 195 348 218 43 164 > > ? 56 264 123 489 252 ? ? 1911 1297 292 362 267 428 138 233 441 315 202 210 234 237 781 271 1350 ioo 233 235 935 131 227 ? ? j 241 868 548 231 j > 2318 1984 395 433 109 305 127 424 121 499 305 191 169 231 1040 360 544 163 105 331 150 179 85 96 ? ? ? 143 367 30 70 65 ? ? 460 5337 1121 1347 880 996 484 1041 923 1527 772 607 480 815 3231 894 3176 475 327 848 1247 1511 354 539 ? ? i 481 1734 213 1193 769 ? 9 4893 Bonn Breslau Freiburg Giessen Gottingen Greifswald Halle Heidelberg Jena Kiel Leipsic Marburg Munich Miinster Rostock Strasburg Tubingen Wiirzburg SWITZERLAND Basel Bern Geneva. Lausanne Zurich RUSSIA (Baltic Provinces) Dorpat AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY Czernowitz Graz Innsbruck Cracow Prague(Gertnan university) Vienna
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