berthing space for thirty large vessels, begun in 1871, were completed in February 1875, superseding the old and inconvenient pier and boat harbour. These works comprise also eighteen steam-cranes for loading goods, a triple line of railway along the clock walls, gas illumination, and supplies of fresh water. A floating dock, 300 feet in length, capable of taking up a vessel of 21 feet draught, and 5000 tons weight, was built in Glasgow and sent out to Callao harbour in 1863. The phenomenon of the bubbling up of sulphuretted hydrogen gas in the harbour, known as " Callao painter," from its action on the paint of ships, has generally been ascribed to volcanic action, the belief having been that Callao is in the crater of an extinct volcano ; but the borings for the new works discovered the cause of this to be in strongly impregnated springs forcing their way up through a stratum of clay and mud. Callao communicates with Lima by carriage road, and by a railway, completed in 1852, which is now extended through the capital towards Oroya over the Maritime Andes. The Pacific Company despatches or receives an ocean steamer almost every week to or from Liverpool by Valparaiso, the Strait of Magellan, and Rio de Janeiro ; a separate bi-weekly steam line unites the port with Valparaiso, and communi cation is maintained with Panama by steamers four times a month each way. French and German steam lines have also headquarters at Callao. Trade is carried on mainly with Britain, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Norway, and Central America, an average of nearly 2000 vessels entering the harbour annually, and frequently clearing in ballast for the Guano Islands, although expor tation from the former main source of supply of guano the Chincha Islands ceased in 1872. This substance continues to be the most valuable export ; after it come sugar, cotton, wool, hides, silver, and gold. Callao imports timber and railway material, wheat, ice, cattle, coal, and mixed cargoes of manufactures from foreign countries, and considerable quantities of flour from Chili. The whole value of imports and exports exceeds 6,000,000 annually. Since 1850, with the exception of the years between 1856 and 1861, when the immigration was prohibited by Congress, Chinese coolies have been imported in consider able numbers through Callao from the Portuguese possession of Macao in China. Perhaps 100,000 male Chinese have been introduced under contracts to serve for eight years ; the passages have too often been attended with great hard ships and frightful mortality, but the Chinese prove valuable
workers on the great railroads now constructing in Peru.Though the climate of Callao is good, having the pure breeze from the Pacific, and a temperature rarely exceeding 77 or falling below 65 Fahr., yet, in the absence of all hygiene, diseases, such as fevers and smallpox, are very prevalent, and the rate of mortality is high. The popula tion, in default of recent exact enumeration, may be taken at from 15,000 to 18,000; the census of 1866, the latest, gave 14,800, a decrease of upwards of 2000 in seven years, and the number was further reduced by the havoc made by yellow fever in 1868. The traffic and business, and with these probably the population, of the port are, however, increasing.
CALLCOTT, Sir Augustus Wall (1779-1844), Knt., R.A., one of the most distinguished of English landscape painters, was born at Kensington in 1779, and died there in 1844. His first study was music; and he sang for several years in the choir of Westminster Abbey. But at the age of twenty he had determined to give up music, and had exhibited his first painting at the Royal Academy. He gradually rose to distinction, and was elected an associate in 1807 and an academician in 1810. In 1827 he received the honour of knighthood ; and, seven years later, was appointed surveyor of the royal pictures. His two prin cipal subject pictures Raphael and the Fornariua, and Milton dictating to his Daughters, are much inferior to his landscapes, which are placed in the highest class by their refined taste and quiet beauty. Callcott always chose to paint nature in her lovely and placid aspect ; and has therefore been called the English Claude.
CALLCOTT, John Wall (1766-1821), brother of the preceding, was born at Kensington in 1766, and was the son of a builder. At the age of seven he was sent to a neighbouring day school, where he continued for five years, studying chiefly Latin and Greek. During this time he frequently went to Kensington church, in the repairs of which his father was employed, and the impression he received on hearing the organ of that church seems to have roused his love for music. The organist at that time was Henry Whitney, from whom Callcott received his first musical instruction. He did not, however, choose music as a profession, being desirous to become a surgeon, only when on witnessing a surgical operation he found his nervous system seriously affected by the sight, he determined to devote himself to music. His intimacy with Dr Arnold and other leading musicians of the day procured him access to artistic circles ; and his successful competition for the prize offered by a musical society called the " Catch Club " soon spread his reputation as composer of glees, catches, canons, and other pieces of concerted vocal music. On these his reputation as a creative musician is mainly founded. In them he displays considerable skill and talent, and some of his glees retain their popularity at the present day. They are well adapted to the voice, and their melodies are pleasing and not without feeling. As an instrumental composer Callcott never succeeded, not even after he had taken lessons from Haydn. But of far greater importance than his compositions are his theoretical writings, and it is chiefly for the sake of the latter that he is noteworthy beyond other English composers of equal merit. His Musical Grammar, published in 1806 (3d edition, 1817), was long considered as the standard work of musical instruction in this country, and has not been superseded up to the present day by any other book produced by an English musician. It is a scholarly and lucid treatment of the rudiments of the art, but at present, of course, antiquated to a great extent, and, indeed, all but useless to the student of modern music. Callcott was a much esteemed teacher of music for many years. He also held the position of organist at various churches. In 1800 he took his degree of Mus. D. at Oxford, and in 1805 he succeeded Dr Crotch as musical lecturer at the Royal Institution. Towards the end of his life his artistic career was frequently interrupted by ill-health. He died, after much suffering, in 1821. A posthumous collection of his most favourite vocal pieces was published with a memoir of his life by his son-in-law, Mr W. Horsley, him self a composer of note. Numerous other works remain in manuscript.
CALLCOTT, Mrs Maria Graham (1786-1844), daughter of Admiral Dunclas, became the wife of Sir Augustus Callcott in 1827. With her first husband, Capt. Graham, R.N., she travelled in India, South Africa, and South America, where she acted for some time as teacher of Donna Maria, who became queen of Portugal in 182G ; and in the company of her second husband she spent much time in the south of Europe. She published accounts of her visits to India (1812), and to the environs of Rome (1820) ; Memoirs of Poussin (1820) ; a History of France, ; a History of Spain (1828); Essays toivard a History of Painting (1836); Little Arthur s History of England (1836); and the Secure Herlal (1842).
