hi the majority of such cases, no harm results. Nevertheless it is more than probable that by a brief confinement to a warm room and the employment of means to promote perspiration (such as Dover s powder, along with a warm or vapour bath) speedier relief will be obtained ; and at all events the evil consequences attendant upon a " neglected cold," which are so familiar to the experience of every physician, will be obviated. Local applications, in the form of inhalation of the vapour of iodine, turpentine, or ammonia, sometimes relieve the uncomfortable feelings in the head. Lately the use of a snuff composed of the trisnitrate of bismuth has been strongly recommended as affording marked relief in nasal catarrh. Where attacks of catarrh are of frequent occurrence no more useful prophy lactic will be found than the habitual employment of the
cold bath.The term catarrh is now used in medical nomenclature in a still wider sense than that above mentioned, being employed to describe a state of irritation of any mucous surface in the body which is accompanied with an abnormal discharge of its natural secretion, hence the terms gastric catarrh, intestinal catarrh, <fec.
CATAWBAS, an American Indian tribe in North and South Carolina, which has now become almost extinct, but was still able at the time of the War of Independence to furnish a valuable contingent to the South Carolina troops They then occupied a number of small towns on ths river which still preserves their name ; but they afterwards leased their land and removed to the territory of the Chero kees, with whom they had been formerly at war There, however, they did not long remain, but returned to a reservation in their original district. Their affinities have not been very clearly made out, but by Gallatm they are grouped with the Cherokees, Choctaws, Muskogees, and Natchez. Their language is closely allied to that of the Waccoes and the Caroline tribe, and affords no support to the opinion that they came originally from Canada. A vocabulary of sixty of their words was published by Hale in volume ii. of the Transactions of the American Ethno logical Society in 1848 ; and a much fuller list 1 about 300 collected by Oscar M. Lieber, the geologist, in 1856, made its appearance in volume ii. of Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society, 1858. Peter Harris, the revolutionary soldier, was said to be the last survival of the full-blooded Catawbas, and the present representatives of the tribe are all half-castes. The pleasant sound of the Indian name is far more familiar in its application to the white American wine, whose praises have been sung so heartily by Longfellow. The grape from which the wine is obtained was first discovered about 1801, near the banks of the Catawba River, but it is now cultivated extensively in Illinois, Ohio, and New York, and especially on the shores of Lake Erie.
CATEAU CAMBRÉSIS, or Le Cateau, a town of France, in the department of Nord, on the Selle, 15 miles E.S.E, of Cambray. It is well built, and was formerly fortified. Its importance has been greatly increased by the opening of coal-fields in the neighbourhood ; and it manu factures shawls, merinos, calicoes, lace, leather, starch, sugar, and tobacco. Formed originally by the union of the two villages of Peronne and Vendelgies, under the protection of a castle built by the bishop of Cambray, Gateau became the seat of an abbey in the llth century. In the loth it was frequently taken and retaken ; and in 1554 it was burned by the French, who in 1559 signed a celebrated treaty with Spain in the town. It was finally ceded to France by the peace of Nimeguen in 1678. In 1793 it v/as occupied for some time by the Austrians. Population in 1872. 9332.
CATECHISM, a word which originally signified instruc tion by word of mouth, being derived from the Greek K<n~r)((D. But, as it was necessarily by oral instruction that, in the early church, catechumens (or converts in preparation for baptism) were instructed in the essential doctrines of Christianity, and as the catechist usually sought to produce clear comprehension by means of questioning, several distinct uses of the word have sprung from its original employment, and it has come to signify (1) in struction by means of question and answer ; (2) elementary instruction, whether oral or written, in any branch of knowledge ; and (3), in common language, a book of elementary instruction by means of question and answer, either secular, as, e.g., the science catechisms of the Middle Ages, or, as usually, religious.
Catechetical instruction was doubtless common among the ancient Jews, and the modern Jews possess several catechisms. The earliest with which we are acquainted are the Thirteen Articles of Belief of the famous Maimonides, which belongs to the 12th century, and Rabbi Levi s Book of Education, which belongs to the 13th. Among those used at the present day in England may be mentioned Leser s and Pixiotto s.
The most important and authoritative of the catechisms of the Roman Catholic Church is that of the Council of Trent, which was published in 1566. It was prepared under the superintendance of the archbishop of Milan, by Leonardo Marini, Francisco Fureiro, ./Egidius Foscorari, and Mugio Caliui ; and the style was polished by Pogianus. It is not a catechism in the ordinary sense, for it it, not in the interrogative form, and it can scarcely be called elementary. It is, in fact, a very careful and complete system of Roman Catholic doctrine, extending over 500 8vo pages of closely-printed Latin. By command of the council, it was translated into French, German, Spanish, and Italian, and there is also an English version. The earliest of the catechisms of this church appear to be that of Kero, a monk of St Gall, who lived in the 8th century, and that which is ascribed to Otfried, a monk of Weissen- burg of the 9th century. Others worthy of mention are the Summa Doctrinarum of Peter Canisius, which was authorized in 1566; that of Bellarmine (1603). and that of Bossuet (1687). In 1870, the CEcumenical Council recommended the general use of the Schema de Parvo, a small catechism, which is little more than an abstract of Bellarmine s.
Catechisms were also very common among the Christian sects which, during the Middle Ages, opposed themselves to the dominant church, as the Albigenses and the Wickliffites.
The Greek Church has two principal catechisms, the earlier of which is that of Peter Mogilas, patriarch of Kieff, which was published in 1542, and sanctioned by the church in 1572. The other is that of Plato, patriarch of Moscow, of which an abstract has been made for purposes of education. This work is divided into two parts, of which the first treats of natural religion, the second of revealed.
Of the larger Protestant sects, each has a separate catechism. The Lutherans are represented by the two smaller catechisms of their founder, published in 1520 and 1529, and by his larger catechism, published in the latter year. In Switzerland, France, the Low Countries, Hungary, and Scotland, the Geneva Catechism of Calvin (1536) was for some time the standard of the Reformed Church. The Heidelberg Catechism, which appeared in 1563, compiled by Caspar Olevian and Zacharias Ursinus, and revised by the Synod of Dort, became the standard of the Swiss Church ; and upon it was founded the Zurich Catecfiism (1639). ASocinian catechism appeared at Rakov in 1574.
in the year 1549, contained what now forms the-
first part of the catechism of the English Church.
