Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/301

CELEBES 289 neglect the culture of the soil ; and large numbers of them resort to the neighbouring states as traders. The capital was formerly Tesora or Tossora, a large straggling city near the River Chinrana, embracing within its fortifications a space of several miles in circuit. For numerous details on this district the reader may consult Mundy s Narrative of Events in JBorneo and Celebes, vol. i. To the south-west of Wadjo is the kingdom of Sopeng, which was long connected by intermarriages with Boni. The ground is very fruitful, and large quantities of rice are exported. The capital was formerly a place of the same name on the coast ; but the rajah removed his residence to Sengkang on Lake Tempe. Sopeng recognized the Dutch supremacy in 1825. The population is estimated at 18,000. To the north of Sopeng lies the territory of Adja Tam- karang, under the government of the prince of Lidenring, who takes his title from a small principality of that name. It is traversed by the Sadang River, one of the most important of those that flow into the Strait of Macassar. Round the head of the Bay of Boni stretches the kingdom of Luvu (Loewoe), a well-peopled district, productive of gold and excellent iron, but greatly depressed by an unsatis factory government. To the south-west of Luvu lie the districts of Ussu and Lellevau. and south of these the state of Baikonka or Minkoko, with its capital Pansulai on the Gulf of Boni ; but the whole of this region is comparatively unexplored. The Minkokos have a considerable resemblance to the Dyaks of Borneo, and maintain a similar custom of head-hunting. Their language is akin to Buginese. At the very end of the eastern peninsula is situated the district of Polean Rumbia, conterminous on its north-east boundary with the more important territory of Lavui, which stretches along the coast of the Bay of Tolo, and is tribu tary to the king of Boni. The latter district possesses in K.endari or Vosmaer s Bay one of the finest harbours in the archipelago, and it carries on a certain amount of traffic. The coast is frequented by numbers of the Bajows. lesidency The rest of the lands that lie round the Bay of Tolo if Teruate. | )e i on g to the residency of Ternate. Conterminous with Lavui is the principality of Tombuku, a densely- wooded, and partially-explored territory, governed by an hereditary chief under the sultan of Ternate. The population is mainly settled in the interior, and their numbers were estimated in 1852 at 15,000. They have no regular coin, and strips of cotton cloth are used in exchange. Their language seems to have almost no connection with any other in the archipelago. Among the people along the coast excellent workers in metal are found, and earthenware is also manufactured. The capital was formerly Lanona ; but since 1856 this honour belongs to Sabita. At the very head of the bay is the district of Tomore or Tomaiki, with a river of the same name ; while along the northern side are situated the territories of Bangay and Balante. From the latter iron and timber are exported. Residency The country that lies round the Gulf of Gorontalo >f alanailo. b e i on g s t t ue residency of Manado, and is divided into the Minahassa or Confederation of Manado, the department of Gorontalo, and various states, such as Parigi, Bwool, and others that will be mentioned in the course of the article. Of these the most important is the Minaliassa, or properly Ni-mahassa, of Manado, which derives its name from tbe union of thirty-six states under the Dutch supremacy to resist the claims of the king of Bolang, who had made himself at one time master of the district. It occupies the most eastern part of the northern peninsula, and is divided into the five departments of Manado, Kema, Tondano, Amurang, and Bolang. Of the whole island it is the most distinctly volcanic portion, and contains several mountains that have been in active eruption within modern times. The most important summits are those of Klabat (6560 feet high), Saputan (5960), Engerong (4050), Lokon (5240), Prumangan or Mahabu (4300), Kimavang, and Papelampungan. In 1806 the Mountain Tonkoko threw- forth a quantity of ashes and pumice-stone that darkened the air for two days and covered the ground for many miles* with a layer an inch thick. There are numerous boiling springs and geysers, the most interesting being Lahendaiig, where the Count Charles de Vidua de Conzano met with his death in 1830. An interesting account of a visit to several of these volcanic phenomena is given by Mr Bickmore in his East Indian Archipdago. Perhaps in ncr part of their possessions have greater and happier trans formations been effected by the Dutch than in this district. In the beginning of this century the inhabitants were stil^ savages, broken up into numerous tribes that were almost never at peace with each other, and speaking such a variety of dialects that hardly any village was quite intelligible to its neighbours. About 1822 it was discovered that the- soil of the mountain sides was fitted for the growth of coffee ; the cultivation was introduced and a system established which stimulated the native chiefs to undertake the management of the plantations. The result has been not only to make the Minahassa one of the best coffee districts in the archipelago, but to advance the civilization of the inhabitants in a wonderful manner. Missions have been established by the Dutch Missionary Society, and have met with the most encouraging success. In 1859 the mission schools numbered 102, and were attended by 8996 pupils; while at the same time 12 Government schools had 1049 pupils and 28 village schools had 1610. The various local dialects are rapidly being replaced by Malay, which is the language adopted for educational purposes. The villages, which have grown up in considerable numbers, are neat and tidy, and most of the houses are well built ; the country is traversed by good roads, finely-shaded with trees and in many cases fit for carriages ; and bridges have been erected over the rivers. The trade of the district is in a flourishing condition and promises to become more important. The principal articles are the coffee, cocoa, rice, and trepang. In 1858 the number of households employed in the coffee-culture was 12,909 ; the number oJ trees in regular gardens was 3.449,518 ; and their produce for the year amounted to 22,866 piculs. Since that date the plantations both of the Government and private speculators have very largely increased. The plant succeeds admirably at a height of from 1500 up to 4000 feet a K ove the sea, and produces a fine kernel of a trans lucent greenish blue colour, which is known in the market as Manado coffee, and brings a much higher price than the Java growth. Cocoa was probably introduced by the early Spanish navigators, but it received little attention till about 1822, when some Dutch and Chinese settlers undertook its cultivation. Since that time it has become a pretty important article, and has been introduced into Gorontulo and the Sangir Islands ; but the crop is unfor tunately a somewhat precarious one. Thekoffo or Manilla- hemp. (Musa text/Us) is largely grown, more especially in the neighbourhood of Amurang, where the Government has- established a rope factory. The nutmeg, though only introduced in 1853, is now cultivated pretty extensively. Tobacco is also grown, but mainly for home consumption. The best is obtained from the district of Bantek. The population of the Minahassa was, in 1868, 105,514. The department of Gorontalo comprises the various districts of Gorontalo, Limbotto, Bone, Bintanna, Suvava. Bolango, Attingola, Bualemo, Muton, Parigi, Saussu, Posso, Tongko, Todjo, and the Togian Islands. Goron talo proper lies on the north of the Tomini Bay. The in habitants are mainly Mahometan Malays, and they posses?

V. 3*7