In 1534 Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, better known as Silken Thomas (so called because of a fantastic fringe worn in the helmet of his followers), a young man of rash courage and good abilities, son of the Lord Deputy Kildare, believing his father, who was imprisoned in the Tower of London, to have been beheaded, organized a rebellion against the English Government, and marched with his followers from the mansion of the earls of Kildare in Thomas Court, through Dame s Gate to St Mary s Abbey, where, in the council chamber, he proclaimed himself a rebel. On his appear ing before the wall with a powerful force, the citizens were induced through fear to give admission to a detachment of his troops to be siege the castle ; but, on hearing that he had met with a reverse in another quarter, they suddenly closed their gates and detained his men as prisoners. He then attacked the city itself; but, find ing it too strong to be seized by a coup de main, he raised the siege on condition of having his captured soldiers exchanged for the children of some of the principal citizens who had fallen into his hands. After much vicissitude of fortune, Lord Thomas and others concerned in this rebellion were executed at Tyburn in 1536.
At the breaking out of the civil war in 1641, a conspiracy of the Irish septs, under the direction of Roger Moore, to seize Dublin Castle, was disclosed by one Owen Connolly on the eve of the day on which the attempt was to have been made, and the city was thus preserved for the king s party ; but the Irish without commenced an indiscriminate extermination of the Protestant population. In 1646 Dublin was besieged, but without success, by the Irish army of 16,000 foot and 1600 horse, under the guidance of the Pope s nuncio Einuccini and others, banded together " to restore and establish in Ireland the exercise of the Roman Catholic religion." The city had been put in an efficient state of defence by the marquis of Onnond, then lord-lieutenant ; but in the following year, to prevent it falling into the hands of the Irish, he sur rendered it on conditions to Colonel Jones, commander of the Parliamentary forces. In 1649 Ormond was totally defeated at the battle of Baggotrath, near Old Rathmines, in an attempt to recover possession. The same year Cromwell landed in Dublin, as commander-in-chief under the Parliament, with 9000 foot and 4000 horse, and proceeded thence on his career of conquest.
When James II. landed in Ireland in 1689, to assert his right to the British throne, he held a parliament in Dublin, which passed acts of attainder against upwards of 3000 Protestants. The governor of the city, Colonel Luttrell, at the same time issued a proclamation ordering all Protestants not housekeepers, excepting those following some trade, to depart from the city within 24 hours, under pain of death or imprisonment, and restricting those who were allowed to remain in various ways. In the hope of relieving his financial difficulties, the king erected a mint, where money was coined of the "worst kind of old brass, guns, and the refuse of metals, melted down together," of the nominal value of 1,586,800. with which his troops were paid, and tradesmen were compelled to receive it under penalty of being hanged in case of refusal. Under these regulations the entire coinage was put into circulation. After his defeat at the battle of the Boyne, James returned to Dublin, but left it again before daybreak the next day ; and William III. advancing by slow marches, on his arrival encamped at Finglas, with upwards of 30,000 men, and the following day proceeded in state to St Patrick s Cathedral to return thanks for his victory.
In 1783 a convention of delegates from all the volunteer corps in Ireland assembled in Dublin for the purpose of procuring a reform in parliament ; but the House of Commons refused to enter tain the proposition, and the convention separated without coming to any practical result. In May 1798 the breaking out of a conspiracy planned by the United Irishmen to seize the city was prevented by the capture of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, son of the duke of Leinster and husband of the celebrated "Pamela." Lord Edward died in prison of the wounds received in the encounter which preceded his capture.
In 1800 the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland was passed in both parliaments, and on the 1st January following the imperial standard of the United Kingdom was hoisted on Dublin Castle.
In 1803 an insurrection, headed by Robert Emmett, a young barrister of much promise, broke out, but was immediately quelled" with the loss of some lives in the tumult, and the death of its leaders on the scaffold. In 1848 William Smith O Brien, M.P. for Limerick, raised a rebellion in Tipperary, and the lower classes in Dublin were greatly agitated. Owing, however, to timeous and judicious disposition of the military and police forces the city was saved from much bloodshed. In 1867 the most serious of modern conspiracies, that known as the Fenian organiza tion, came to light. The reality of it was proved by a ship being found laden with gunpowder in the Liverpool docks, and another with 5000 and 2000 pike heads in Dublin. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended at one sitting by both Houses of Parliament and about 960 arrests were made in Dublin in a few hours. Dublin castle was fortified ; and the citizens lived in a state of terror for coveral weeks together.
Thorns Irish Almanac; Lewis s Topographical Dictionary* D Alton s History of the Co. Dublin ; Gilbert s History of the City of Dublin, 3 vols. 1854-59; History of the City of Dublin, by Rev J. Whitelaw and Rev. R, Walsh, 2 vols. 4to. Lond. 1818.
DUBNO, a town in European Russia, at the head of a department in the government of Volhynia, 154 miles west of Zhitomir, in 50 25 N. lat. and 25 44 E. long. Occupying a peninsula formed by the River Ivka, it is almost surrounded by water and marsh ; and in its eastern corner it is defended by a somewhat dilapidated citadel separated by dry ditches from the rest of the town. It also possesses five Greek churches, of which two the Transfiguration and the Exaltation of the Holy Rood were formerly monasteries; it has also a Roman Catholic church and convent, a Jewish synagogue, a hospital for poor Jews, and various other Jewish institutions. Beer, mead, tobacco, bricks, and leather are all manufactured in the town ; but? a large number of the inhabitants, who are mainly of Jewish blood, obtain their living in other places.
Dubno is first mentioned in the chronicles under the name of Duben in_ 1100, when it formed one of the towns offered to David of Vladi mir in compensation for the loss of his principality. In 1498 it re ceived a charter from the grand duke of Lithuania, which was after wards changed about 1507 for the Magdeburg rights. The Tatars, against whose attacks it had been fortified in the beginning of the century, laid waste the neighbourhood in 1577, but were gallantly repulsed from the town by Yanush of Ostrog. In 1793 it passed into the possession of the Liubomir family, to whom the most of the ground-rent is still due; in 1795 it was incorporated with Russia, and in 1796 it received its present rank. Population, 7600.
DUBOFKA, a burgh in European Russia, in the government of Saratoff, about 32 J miles to the KN.W. of Tsaritzin, on the right bank "of the Volga, near its reception of the river Dubofka, and on the post-road to Astrakhan. With the exception of about 200, all its houses are built of wood ; but among its public buildings it numbers four Greek churches, a prison, a large public school, and a hospital capable of containing several hundred patients. Besides leather, tallow, soap, and tobacco, its inhabitants manufacture mustard on a large scale, obtaining the seed partly from their own fields and partly from other districts. They had formerly a very extensive share in the transport trade between the Volga and the Don, which was largely carried on by means of oxen, and supported a number of auxiliary crafts ; but the opening of the railway about 1860 struck a sudden and fatal blow at the whole traffic. A great fair, lasting for a whole month, is held in the town every year, and produces a circulation of about 1,000,000 rubles, or upwards of 141,000. Dubofka, already in existence at an earlier date, was colonized by Cossacks in 1 743, and became their chief settlement on the- Volga, the residence of their ataman, and the seat of their military chancery. In 1770 it -was fortified with wooden ramparts by Talk. Having given its support to the insur rection of Pugacheff, it was punished by the removal of 517 of its inhabitants to the Caucasus, where they formed a separate polk, or regiment. Their place was supplied by immigrants from the neighbouring governments and the country of the Little Russians, who were soon led by the advantages of their position to devote themselves exclusively to trade. Population in 1873, 12,737.
bishop of Cambray, and first minister of France, was born at Brives-la-Gaillarde, in Limousin, September 6, 1 656. He was the son of an apothecary, and at twelve years of age was sent to Paris to study in the college of St Michael, where he at the same time served in the household of the principal. He then engaged himself as a private tutor, and at length was appointed preceptor to the young duko of Chartres, afterwards the regent duke of Orleans. Astute, ambitious, and unrestrained by conscience, Dubois
ingratiated himself with his pupil, and, while he gave him
