or robe of a duke is scarlet, and has four doublings of ermine. The royal dukes have coronets as princes. The coronet of a duchess is the same as that of her husband. The titles arch-duke and arch-duchess, grand-duke and grand-duchess, are in use on the Continent, the former in Austria and the latter in Russia, to distinguish the princes
and princesses of the imperial families. The title grand-duke has also been applied to certain of the minor Continental independent princes.
DUKINFIELD, a township and local board district of England, in East Cheshire, forming part of the parliamentary borough of Staleybridge, which see.
DULCAMARA, so named from its taste, at first bitter and eventually sweet, is a drug consisting of the dried young branches of Solanum Dulcamara, Bitter-sweet or Woody Nightshade a woody perennial of the natural order Solanaceoe. It has a slender shrubby and climbing stem ; flowers in lateral or terminal cymes, with a hypogynous purple corolla, and yellow anthers converging into a cone ; and fruit a red, oval, scarlet berry. For medical purposes the branches are collected in autumn when the leaves are shed. Dulcamara contains an alkaloid solanine, C 43 H 71 NO 16 (Xwenger and Kind), besides a sweet and bitter principle, dulcamarine or picroglydon, and other matters. The drug was formerly supposed to be efficacious in a great variety of complaints. It appears to have some effect on the skin and kidneys, and the infusion is now administered in chronic skin diseases, cachectic conditions of the system, and rheumatic affections.
See D. Cauvet, Des Solantes, Strasburg, 1864; Garrod, Valeria Medica, 4th ed. 1874.
DULCIGNO, a town of Turkey in Europe, in the Albanian sanjak of Scutari, occupying a bold promontory on the Adriatic, eighteen miles W.S.W. of the town of Scutari. It has a strong castle, is the seat of a Catholic bishop, and numbers about 8000 inhabitants, who are mainly engaged in agriculture, but also carry on a little ship-building and a certain amount of foreign commerce. The Turkish Olkin, or Olgun, preserves more distinctly the ancient name of Olcinium, by which Dulcigno was known to the Romans, who obtained possession of it about 167 B.C.|167 {{abbr|B.C.|Before Christ during the war with Gentius, the Illyrian king. In modern history the town is noted for the defeat of the Venetians in 1718; and its inhabitants were long remarkable for their piracies.
DULUTH, a city and lake port of the United States, in the state of Minnesota, advantageously situated at the south-west extremity of Lake Superior, about 150 miles north-east of St Paul. It forms the eastern terminus of the Northern Pacific railroad and the northern terminus of the Lake Superior and Mississippi railroad. A ship canal, 250 feet wide, which has been cut across Minnesota point, gives ready access to the town from the lake. Duluth stands on the side of an acclivity overlooking the lake. It possesses docks, and contains several manufactories. Owing to its position the rise of the town has been very rapid. In 1860 there were not 75 inhabitants; whereas a census in 1875 showed the population to be 5000. It derives its name from Jean Du Luth, a French officer who visited the spot in the 17th century.
DULWICH, a village of England, in the county of Surrey, five miles from London Bridge, remarkable for its college and picture gallery. The manor, which had belonged to the Cluniac monks of Bermondsey, was granted by Henry VIII., in 1541, to Thomas Calton; and his grandson, Sir Francis Calton, sold it in 1606 to Edward Alleyn, whose name is indissolubly associated with the place by his princely foundation. Dulwich College, or, as he quaintly and piously called it, " God s Gift College " (see Alleyn, Volume I|{{abbr|vol|volume.{{nbspi. Alleyn#584|{{abbr|p|page.{{nbsp584), was opened with great state on September 13, 1619, in the presence of Lord Chancellor Bacon, Lord Arundell, Inigo Jones, and other distinguished men. According to the letters patent the almspeople and scholars were to be chosen in equal proportions from the parishes of St Giles (Camberwell), St Botolph without Bishopsgate, and St Saviour s (Southwark), and "that part of the parish of St Giles without Cripplegate which is in the county of Middlesex." By a series of statutes signed in 1626, a few days before his death, Alleyn ordained that his school should be for the instruction of 80 boys consist ing of three distinct classes : (1) the twelve poor scholars ; (2) children of inhabitants of Dulwich (who were to be taught freely) ; and (3) " towne or foreign schollers," who were " to pay such allowance as the master and wardens shall appoint." That it was the founder s intention to establish a great public school upon the model of West minster and St Paul s, with a liberal provision for university training, is conclusively shown by the statutes ; but he was scarcely dead when his grand project was overthrown, and for more than two centuries the educational benefits of God s Gift College were restricted to the twelve poor ficholars. In 1858, however, the foundation was entirely reconstituted by Act of Parliament. The government of the college is now vested in 19 governors, of whom 11 are nominated by the Court of Chancery and 8 elected by the four parishes already mentioned. The first head of the reconstituted college, and the first also who has not borne the name of Alleyn, is the Rev. A. J. Carver, D.D. The revenue is at present (1877) more than .17,000 a year, with the prospect of a large and progressive increase. After provision for the expenses of management and the maintenance of the chapel and library, the surplus is divided into four portions, of which three are assigned to the educational and one to the eleemosynary branch of the foundation. The educational foundation comprises two distinct schools, the " Upper" and the "Lower." In the former the curriculum of study, as defined by Act of Parliament, includes, besides ancient and modern languages and mathematics, drawing and designing, civil engineering, physics, chemistry, and other branches of science ; in tlu latter it is similar to that adopted in so-called middle-class schools. The Upper School contained in 1877 nearly 600 boys, and the Lower 160. The buildings of the Upper School are a splendid pile, designed by Mr Charles Barry, in the " Northern Italian style of the 13th century." They are said to form the most commodious and complete, as probably they have proved the most costly, fabric erected for educational purposes in recent times. The main architectural feature is the interior of the great hall, which will compare advantageously with some of the best college halls at Oxford or Cambridge. There are about 25 acres of play-ground and cricket-field included within the boundary fence of the college. Dulwich College possesses one advantage peculiar to itself in its splendid picture gallery, bequeathed to the college by Sir P. F. Bourgeois, R.A., in 1811, with a separate endowment of 520 a year. The pictures most widely known and most highly appreciated are probably the exquisite Murillos and the choice specimens of the Dutch school. The surplus income of the gallery fund is devoted to instruction in drawing and design in the two schools.
See W. Harnett Blanch, Dulwich College and Edward Alleyn, 1877.
DUMANGAS, a town of the Philippines, in the island of Panay, near the mouth of the river Jaluar. It is situated in a fertile plain, and deals in rice, trepang, and pina. Population stated at 25,000.
DUMARSAIS, César Chesneau (1676–1756), a French philologist, was born at Marseilles, July 7, 1676. His father died while he was yet an infant; and his mother,
