Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 24, 1913.djvu/568

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530 Reviews.

■clusively, of religious festivities. This corresponds to the above- mentioned statement that crowd originates religion: "Or, le seul fait de I'agglomeration agit comme un excitant exceptionellement puissant. Une fois les individus assembles, il se degage de leur rapprochement une sorte d'electricite qui les transporte vite a un -degre extraordinaire d'exaltation. . . . On con^-oit sans peine que, parvenu a cet etat d'exaltation . . . I'homme ne se connaisse plus. Se sentant domine, entraine par une sorte de pouvoir exterieur qui le fait penser et agir autrement qu'en temps normal, il a naturelle- ment I'impression de n'etre plus lui-meme. II lui semble etre devenu un etre nouveau : les decorations dont il s'affuble, les sortes de masques dont il se recouvre le visage figurent materielle- ment cette transformation interieure, plus encore qu'ils ne con- tribuent a la determiner . . . tout se passe, comme s'il etait reelle- ment transporte dans un monde special, entierement different de celui ou il vit d'ordinaire. . . . C'est done dans ces milieux sociaux effervescents et de cette effervescence meme que parait etre nee I'idee religieuse. Et ce qui tend a confirmer que telle en est bien I'origine, c'est que, en Australie, I'activite proprement religieuse est presque tout entiere concentree dans les moments ou se tiennent ces assemblees " (pp. 308, 312, 313).

To sum up, theories concerning one of the most fundamental aspects of religion cannot be safely based on an analysis of a single tribe, as described in practically a single ethnographical work. It should be noted that the really empirical version of this theory of origins is by no means a realization of the " objective " method, in which ]M. Durkheim enjoins treating social facts as things and avoiding individual psychological interpretations. In his actual theory he uses throughout individual psychological explanations. It is the modification of the individual conscious- ness in big gatherings, the "mental effervescence," which is assumed to be the source of " the religious." The sacred and divine are the psychological categories governing ideas originated in religiously inspired crowds. These ideas are collective only in so far as they are general, i.e. common in all members of the crowd. None the less we arrive at understanding their nature by individual analysis, by psychological introspection, and not by treating those phenomena as "things." Finally, to trace back the