Nearly all the iron was in the form of ferrous oxide. The hardness of this variety of garnet is about 7·5, while its specific gravity is seldom less than 4·1 and may be as high as 4·3
3. Pyrope or Bohemian Garnet.—The Pyrope is essentially a magnesium iron aluminium garnet, but variable, and sometimes not inconsiderable, quantities of other metals are present, so that this variety of garnet must be regarded as belonging to a mixed type. Its colour is usually blood-red, or deep red with some orange. It is usually perfectly flawless and transparent, and, when of any size may appear of so dark a colour as to be almost black. It is this blackness which is the chief distinguishing feature between a blood-red pyrope and a blood-red ruby, though the superior lustre, fire and dichroism of the latter gem afford other criteria in the discrimination of the two stones. Moreover, in hardness and in specific gravity the pyrope is inferior to the ruby. This stone, which is found in great abundance, though of small size, in many places in Bohemia, is usually rose-cut and often foiled. Specimens from other localities, such as those from South Africa (often wrongly called Cape rubies) are not infrequently brilliant-cut. The hardness of pyrope lies between 7¼ and 7½; its density is just below 3·8, on the average about 3·75. It is less easily fused than any other garnet save uvarovite.
Three analyses of pyrope are here given, as it is well to have this means of comparing the percentage composition of this garnet from different localities, and its divergence from almandine:
| Bohemia. | New Mexico. | S. Africa. | |
| Silica | 41·4 | 42·1 | 41·0 |
| Alumina | 22·3 | 19·3 | 22·0 |
| Ferrous oxide | 9·0 | 14·0 | 13·5 |
| Ferric oxide | 1·0 | 1·0 | 1·6 |
| Manganous oxide | 2·0 | 0·4 | 0·5 |
| Chromium sesquioxide | 3·5 | 2·6 | 1·5 |
| Magnesia | 15·0 | 14·0 | 15·0 |
| Lime | 4·7 | 5·2 | 5·0 |
These analyses cannot be discussed here, but this at least may
