Celestine V. (Peter of Morrone) was elected in 1294, after the papal chair had been vacant for more than two years. He had lived for many years as a hermit on the mountain of Morrone, and was totally unacquainted with the ways of the world. He at once accepted the papal dignity, imagining in his simplicity that it was the direct will of heaven. Charles II., the king of Naples, immediately visited him, and easily contrived to make him see all things in the light that best suited Neapolitan interests. Hence the pope was led to commit many foolish and hasty acts, such as creating new cardinals without consulting the old ones, nominating unfit persons to benefices, &c. Affairs were rapidly getting into confusion; but the aged pope, with a degree of sense and humility seldom displayed by men in power, found out before five months were over that his great office was not suited for him, nor he for it, and he determined upon abdicating. He carried out his purpose against much opposition, and was succeeded by Boniface VIII. in December, 1294. For an account of his death see the article on that pope.—T. A.
CELESTIUS, an Irish ecclesiastic of the fifth century, the pupil of Pelagius, and with him identified in the heresy that bears his name. Celestius was a man of great vigour and ability, and an eloquent writer. He was by many reputed to be the real author of works that bear his master's name. After the death of Pelagius, Celestius and a brother pupil, Julian, continued to propagate their tenets till they were expelled from Gaul. Their opinions spread through Britain and Ireland.—J. F. W.
CELLAMARE, Antonio Giovanni, Duke of Giovenazzo, Prince of, was descended from a noble Genoese family, and born at Naples in 1657. He was educated in the court of Charles II., and declared for Philip V. on his accession to the throne. In 1702 he accompanied that monarch in his campaigns in Naples against the imperialists, obtained the rank of major-general after the battle of Luzzara, and was taken prisoner at the siege of Gæta. He regained his liberty at the peace of 1712, and, returning to Spain, adopted a diplomatic career. He was sent as ambassador to France in 1715, and having become implicated in a plot against the regent, which was accidentally discovered at the moment of execution, Cellamare was arrested and escorted to the frontiers of France, and dismissed. The Spanish court, as a compensation for this affront, nominated the duke captain-general of Old Castile. He died in 1733.—J. T.
CELLARIUS, Christoph, a distinguished German scholar and educator, whose real name was Keller; he was born at Schmalkalden, November 22nd, 1638, and successively became teacher and head master in various renowned gymnasia. In 1693 he was appointed professor of rhetoric and history at Halle, where he died, 4th June, 1707. Besides numerous editions of Latin classics, he has published many learned works, amongst which we mention—"Antibarbarus Latinus," 1677; "Antiquitates Romanæ," 1710; "Notitia Orbis Antiqui," 2 vols.; "Orthographia Latina," new edition, by Harless, 1768.—K. E.
CELLINI, Benvenuto, the son of Giovanni and Elisabetta Cellini, was born at Florence on the night of November 1, 1500, in the Via Chiara, No. 5079. He was named Benvenuto (Well-come), because his parents had so long desired a son. The first instruction he received from his father was to play on the flute and to sing, much to Benvenuto's distaste, whose heart was in drawing and modelling. His inclination to be a sculptor was so decided that his father placed him in 1513 with the jeweller Baccio Bandinelli; and two years afterwards he entered the shop of a jeweller named Antonio Marcone. Benvenuto commenced his wanderings when quite a boy, undertaking various jeweller's work in Sienna, Bologna, Pisa, and Rome, before his twentieth year. He had the opportunity in 1518 of visiting this country with Torrigiano; but he declined, owing to the dislike he had to that sculptor for the blow he gave Michelangelo when a boy. Benvenuto went to Rome in 1519, but he does not mention Raphael in his account of this visit, though he was there for two years, and at the time of that painter's death. He returned to Rome in 1524, and from this time dates his successful career as an ornamental jeweller. He was employed by Clement VII. and several of the Roman nobility. Benvenuto was in Rome also during the sack of the city in 1527, by the soldiers of Constable Bourbon; and, according to his autobiography, it was he who shot Bourbon as he was scaling the walls. The consequent disturbances of the time caused Benvenuto to leave Rome and return to Florence. The great school of Raphael was dispersed by the same events. Having passed some time at Mantua and Florence, always engaged in his art, Benvenuto Cellini was recalled to Rome by the pope in 1529, and was employed, not only in jewellery, but also in making the dies for medals and for the mint. He was appointed papal mace-bearer; and after the death of Clement, Paul III. became his patron. He, however, seldom remained long in one place being repeatedly in difficulties, owing to his violence and quarrels with his fellow-artists and others, he was compelled to fly from one city to another. In 1534 he assassinated a rival; in 1535 he was engaged alternately at Rome, Naples, Florence, and Venice; and in 1537 he visited Paris, where he was presented to Francis I. Again in Rome in 1538, he was imprisoned in the castle of Sant' Angelo, upon a false accusation of having embezzled some jewels: he escaped from the castle, but fell and broke his right leg. When recovered, he was remanded to the castle, but obtained his freedom before the close of the year, through the intercession of the cardinal d'Este. In 1540 Cellini, through his friend the cardinal d'Este, was received into the service of Francis I., with an allowance of seven hundred scudi a year, independent of payment for all work done. This is the salary which the same king gave to Leonardo da Vinci. Cellini gained the favour of Francis, who gave him letters of naturalization, and a small estate, and employed him on the decorations of Fontainebleau. His position soon created him invidious enemies, who, aided by his own nature, destroyed his peace. He returned with a great reputation to Italy in 1545, and received from Duke Cosmo de' Medici at Florence the commission for the celebrated Perseus, which was cast in 1546, but not completed till 1554; it is now in the Loggia de' Lanzi in the Piazza Granduca at Florence. In this year (1554) Benvenuto Cellini's name was inscribed among the nobility of Florence. In 1558 he made up his mind to turn monk, and received the first tonsure; but wishing to marry in 1560, he abandoned the resolution. In the following year Duke Cosmo gave him a house in the Via del Rosaio. There is no account of his marriage, but it must have been about 1563, as his first legitimate child, a daughter, was born in 1565. His numerous children up to this time were all illegitimate. In 1569 he had a son, legitimate, Andrea Simone. He died at Florence, February 13, 1571, leaving his property to his three legitimate children, his son and two daughters. Benvenuto Cellini's was a life of strange adventure and constant trouble, owing perhaps chiefly to his own violent temper and dissolute habits. He has, indeed, painted himself in his autobiography as a thorough vagabond; he confesses to three homicides, among many other disgraceful adventures, though they may have been then of very ordinary occurrence, and quite consistent with the habits of the sixteenth century. His labours were divided chiefly between Rome, Fontainebleau, and Florence. As an ornamental jeweller, or silversmith, he was the most distinguished artist of his time. He was also a good sculptor. He himself quotes in his "Life," a letter from Michelangelo at Rome, in which the great Florentine compliments him on a bronze bust of Bindo Altoviti, saying, that he had "long known him as the best of jewellers, and that in the bust of Bindo Altoviti he had shown himself equally good as a sculptor." His principal work as a sculptor is the bronze of the Perseus with the head of Medusa, already mentioned, of which there is a cast at the Crystal Palace; but this is a work of no remarkable merit. His ornamental silverwork, on the other hand, is of unrivalled excellence—chased dishes, salt cellars, and such work for the table. His style is renaissance, in contradistinction to cinquecento, the style chiefly of the architectural sculptors. Cellini's designs generally abound in the cinquecento arabesque, but very much mixed and sometimes overloaded with the strap-and-scrolled-shield-work which distinguishes our Elizabethan. Cellini is, in fact, the great exponent of this style; and it is sometimes described as Cellini-work, like the similar term Boule-work, after the French artist of that name.—(Vita di Benvenuto Cellini scritta da lui medesimo, &c.: Molini, 1832.)—R. N. W.
CELSIUS, Andrew, a Swedish astronomer, born at Upsal in 1701. His father, Olaus Celsius, was a celebrated theologian and savant, and his grandfather, Magnus Nicolaus, a famous mathematician and botanist. Andrew Celsius was a professor of astronomy at Upsal. He was associated with Maupertuis, Clairaut, and other French savans, in their voyage to Lapland for the purpose of measuring a degree. He was the first who used a centigrade thermometer. He wrote several scientific treatises, of which we may mention—"Dissertatio de novo
