residence in Spain he wrote his great work, "Of the Right Ordering of the English Republic." He died in 1565, leaving a number of minor tracts and some poetical pieces, afterwards published under the patronage of his constant friend Lord Burleigh. That statesman took a warm interest in the education of his son, Sir Thomas, the younger, who was born in 1559, and who, after studying at Oxford, travelled for some years, remaining longest in Italy, and there acquiring a taste for natural philosophy for which he became distinguished. About 1600 he discovered alum mines not far from Gisborough in Yorkshire, the first wrought in England. Toward the close of Elizabeth's reign Sir Thomas went to Scotland, where he gained the favour of King James, whom he accompanied in his journey to England, and by whom he was appointed tutor to Prince Henry in 1603. He died in 1615. He wrote a work entitled "The Virtue of Nitre, wherein is declared the sundry cures by the same effected," London, 1584. He had three sons, all of some note.—Edward, born in 1590; died of the plague at Oxford in 1625; wrote a treatise on the authority, universality, and visibility of the church.—Thomas and James were both members of the long parliament, and were among the king's judges. The latter was also literary in his habits, and was the author of a history of the Isle of Man.—J. B.
* CHALYBÆUS, Heinrich Moritz, a German philosophical writer, was born at Pfaffroda in Saxony in 1797, and studied at Leipzig. In 1839 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Kiel, but was dismissed from his chair in 1852. He has written—"Historische Entwickelung der speculativen Philosophie von Kant bis Hegel," 4th edition, 1848; "System der speculativen Ethik," 1850, 2 vols.; "Philosophie und Christenthum," 1853, &c.—K. E.
CHAMBER or CHAMBRE, John, a learned English physician of the sixteenth century, one of the founders of the college of physicians, took his degree of M.A. at Oxford about 1502; afterwards studied medicine at Padua, and on his return to England became physician to Henry VIII. Henry's charter for the foundation of the college of physicians, dated 1518, was obtained through the intercession of Cardinal Wolsey, at the request of Chamber and other four physicians, two of whom, like himself, were attached to the court. Chamber afterwards obtained preferment in the church, being ordained in 1510 canon of Windsor, and in 1524 archdeacon of Bedford. He was also prebend of Salisbury; in 1525 was elected warden of Merton college, and at the same time became dean of the royal college and chapel adjoining to Westminster hall, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and St. Stephen. This chapel he endowed with a considerable gift of lands, and enlarged by the addition of a cloister which cost 11,000 marks. He died in 1549.—J. S., G.
CHAMBERLAYNE, Edward, born in Gloucestershire in 1616; died at Chelsea in 1703. He wrote a number of works, historical, political, and polemical, which, that they might be preserved for posterity, he caused to be covered with wax, and buried in his grave. He published "Angliæ Notitia, or the Present State of England, with divers reflections upon the ancient state thereof," 1668. This book passed through twenty editions in the author's lifetime.—His son John continued the "Angliæ Notitia." He was distinguished for his extensive acquaintance with modern European languages, from which he made numerous valuable translations. He published the Lord's Prayer in a hundred languages. Died in 1723.—J. B.
CHAMBERS, David, a Scottish judge, and author of several historical and legal works, was born in Ross-shire in 1530. He received his education at the college of Aberdeen, and afterwards at Bologna, where he studied under Marianus Sozenus in 1556. On his return to his native country he entered into clerical orders, and was presented to the parish of Suddie, and made chancellor of the diocese of Ross. He continued, however, at the same time the prosecution of his legal studies, and in 1564 was elevated to the bench by Queen Mary, under the titular designation of Lord Ormond. He was about the same time intrusted, along with other high legal functionaries, with the duty of compiling the volume of the acts of parliament known by the title of "the Black Acts." Notwithstanding both of his clerical and legal character, he was implicated in Bothwell's conspiracy against the life of Darnley; and after the perpetration of that atrocious deed, he was publicly denounced as an accomplice in the king's murder. On the flight of Bothwell and the capture of the queen, Chambers quitted the kingdom, and took refuge in Spain. He subsequently took up his residence in France, where he published in 1572 a work entitled "Histoire Abrégée de tons les roys de France, Angleterre, et Ecosse," mainly founded on the fabulous narrative of Boece. In 1579 he published a panegyric upon the laws, religion, and valour of his native country, under the title of "La Recherche des singularités les plus remarquables concernant l'estait d'Ecosse," and a vindication of the right of succession of females, entitled "Discours de la legitime succession des femmes aux possessions des leurs parens et du gouvernement des princesses aux empires et royaumes," dedicated to Queen Mary. This learned but unprincipled writer ultimately returned to Scotland, and, strange to say, was restored to the bench by King James in 1586, and continued to discharge his judicial functions till his death in 1592.—J. T.
CHAMBERS, David, a Roman catholic writer who flourished in Scotland in the seventeenth century. He is the author of a work dedicated to Charles I., and entitled "Davidis Camerarii, Scoti, de Scotorum Fortitudine, Doctrina, et Pietate, Libri Quatuor:" 4to, Paris, 1631.—J. T.
CHAMBERS, Ephraim, author of the "Cyclopædia of Science" which bears his name, was born towards the close of the seventeenth century at Kendal, Westmoreland, where his father was a farmer. After receiving an ordinary education, he was sent to London, and apprenticed to Mr. Senex, a globemaker, in whose employment he acquired that taste for science which resulted in the preparation of the work on which his fame rests. Indeed it is said that the first articles for the dictionary were written behind the counter. Finding, however, that more leisure was needed for prosecuting his design, he left the establishment of the globe-maker, took chambers in Gray's inn, and devoted himself entirely to the preparation of his dictionary, the first edition of which appeared in 1728. It immediately won reputation for its author, who was in 1729 elected a fellow of the Royal Society. A second edition of the Cyclopædia was called for in 1738, and such was its popularity that it reached a fifth in 1746. Ere this, however, the author was dead. He had gone to the south of France to recruit his health, but with little success and returning to England, he died in 1740. The Cyclopædia continued its popularity. A sixth edition appeared with supplemental articles by Mr. Scott and Dr. Hill, and the work was made the basis of the Cyclopædia published under the care of Dr. Abraham Rees, the issue of which was begun in 1778, and completed in 1785. Mr. Chambers contributed to the Literary Magazine; was associated with Mr. John Martyn in publishing English abridgments of the papers on natural science, read before the Royal Academy at Paris; and translated from the French the Jesuits' Perspective.—J. B.
CHAMBERS, George: this artist was born at Whitby, Yorkshire, about the close of the last century. He was the son of a poor seaman, and at the age of ten years commenced to follow his father's profession as a cabin-boy on board a small trading sloop. For two years the little fellow served in this humble capacity, and was then apprenticed to the master of a brig trading in the Mediterranean and Baltic. He was not in a very auspicious arena for the developing of his art-resources; the rough seamen he was cast among were not great applauders or appreciators of pictorial art, and were at first disposed, doubtless, to snub and deride so land-lubber an accomplishment as sketching. But neither tar, nor ropes, nor rough work, nor the jeers of the forecastle, could manacle the childish hand born with a facility for design; or could keep back the childish mind already breaking out eagerly into the first steps of art. And soon the forecastle applauds the sketching sailor-boy, and his fame spreads "aft," and the captain's cabin at last gets wind of the business. The boy is encouraged to quit the sea for land, there to ply his pencil for his living—his indentures are cancelled, and he works his way home again in another ship. The boy returns to Whitby, but finds the entrance to his adopted profession no easy matter to one so poor and unaided as himself. He has no learning; he knows nothing of colours; he has had no single lesson, no one word of instruction; he has nothing but his own good cause, his stout heart, his active mind, and his facile fingers. But poverty clogs his ambition. His first connection with his profession is rather distant from art. Still it is dabbling with colour, and that is something. He apprentices himself to an old woman who kept a painter's shop. He paints houses; it is not certain that he does not plumb and glaze and carpenter also. But he finds time and money to
