scriptures and in fragments of other eminent writings, was the representative of the ancient Egyptian tongue, and of the idiom in which the hieroglyphic inscriptions are written. In accordance with this view, he endeavoured to restore the topography of the land of the Pharaohs by making a collection of all the names of Egyptian towns and localities to be found in old writings, whether Hebrew, Greek, or Arabic, and endeavouring to restore them to their original Coptic forms. This investigation led to the writing of a memoir, which, whatever may be its merits, we cannot but admire as the production of a boy of sixteen. While employed in this manner, Champollion resided at Grenoble, where his pursuits fortunately brought him under the notice of the mathematician Fourrier, at that time prefect of the department, and who had been a member of the scientific commission which accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt. M. Fourrier, naturally interested in everything that related to Egypt, assisted the young archæologist by his influence, and induced him to remove to Paris, where he would meet with encouragement, and find greater facilities in following out his pursuits.
While residing in Paris, M. Champollion obtained a copy of the inscription on the famous Rosetta stone, which is now preserved in the British museum. As this well-known stone bears an inscription in hieroglyphic characters, accompanied by a Greek translation, it obviously afforded the key by which the mystery of Egyptian writing might be deciphered. We need not mention here the discoveries of Dr. Young respecting the Rosetta inscription, nor the way in which they have been treated by French writers, but will be content to follow the progress of M. Champollion. To prepare himself for the task, he composed a grammar and dictionary of the Coptic language. Guided by this preliminary study, and by comparing the Rosetta inscription with the writing on a papyrus, he succeeded in detecting twenty-five letters of the alphabet in what is called the Demotic character. In 1809 he was appointed to a professorship at Grenoble, and in this retirement he was enabled to publish his geographical description of Egypt. It was not, however, until 1822 that his most important memoir was read before the institute, in which he succeeded in giving the interpretation of the hieroglyphic names of Ptolemy, Berenice, Cleopatra, &c. This memoir produced a great excitement among the learned in Paris; and it is to the credit of Louis XVIII., that he lost no time in bestowing due honour on its author. In this respect the conduct of the French government to Champollion exhibits an honourable contrast to the neglect which Dr. Young experienced from that of England. From this time every facility and national aid was afforded to Champollion in the prosecution of his researches, and his life was one of incessant activity. He examined the rich Egyptian collections of Turin and Rome, and was the means of securing for his country the valuable collections made in Egypt by Mr. Salt, the English consul. He was afterwards sent to Egypt at the public expense, and furnished with an efficient staff of assistants. Unhappily, he did not long survive his return to France, and died while occupied with his great works the "Egyptian Grammar" and "Dictionary of Hieroglyphics."—[J. S.]
CHAMPOLLION-FIGEAC, Jean Jacques, elder brother of the preceding, was born at Figeac in the department of Lot in 1778. He was successively keeper of the MSS. in the royal library at Paris, keeper of the library of the palace of Fontainebleau, and librarian to the Emperor Napoleon III. Of his numerous works we notice—"Lettre à M. Fourier sur l'inscription grecque du temple de Denderah en Egypte," 1806; "Antiquités de Grenoble," 1807; "Nouvelles Recherches sur les patois, ou idiomes vulgaires de la France," 1809: "Annales de Lagides, ou Chronologie des rois grecs d'Egypte, successeurs d'Alexandre le Grand," 1819 (this work received the prize of the Académie des Inscriptions); and "Les Tournois du Roi Réné," 1827-28. He also published some charters and ancient documents illustrative of the history of France in the middle ages, a treatise on archæology, and another on chronology.—J. B.
CHANCELOR, Richard, a celebrated English voyager, who was appointed to the command of one of the vessels in the expedition under Sir Hugh Willoughby, sent out in 1553 by a company formed by Sebastian Cabot to find a north-east passage "to Cathay and India." The ships were separated by a violent tempest off the Loffoden isles. Sir Hugh was driven to the coast of Lapland, and in September put in at the mouth of the river Arzina, where he spent the winter. In the following year he and all his crew were found by some Russian fishermen frozen to death. Chancelor was more fortunate, and succeeded in reaching Archangel, where he was well received by the inhabitants. He thence proceeded to Moscow, where he was cordially welcomed by the czar, Ivan IV., and entered into arrangements with him which laid the foundation of the commercial intercourse between England and Russia. On his return home in 1554, Chancelor formed the Muscovy Company, and next year returned to Archangel with three ships, accompanied by two agents of the new association, who concluded a most satisfactory treaty of commerce with the czar. But on his homeward voyage in 1556 Chancelor was shipwrecked in Pitsligo bay, off the coast of Aberdeenshire, and perished, along with the greater part of his crew. Only one of his vessels, which carried the Russian ambassador, reached England.—J. T.
CHANDLER, Mary, an English poetess; born at Malmsbury in 1687; died in 1745. Her parents being in humble circumstances, she was brought up to the business of a milliner, which she continued longer than was necessary but for the sake of her poor relations. Mary schooled her intellect and taste by reading the best authors, and published, besides a volume of shorter pieces, a poem on Bath, which attracted considerable notice. She was honoured by a visit from Pope, and enjoyed the valuable friendship of Mrs. Rowe.—R. M., A.
CHANDLER, Richard, D.D., a celebrated antiquary and traveller, was born in 1738, and educated at Oxford. In 1763 he edited, by the appointment of the university, the Marmora Oxoniensia, for which he wrote an elegant Latin preface. His fame, however, is founded on his connection with a society called the Dilletanti, composed of gentlemen who had travelled in Italy, and who were associated for the purpose of preserving and spreading a taste for the antiquities in which they had been interested while abroad. By this society Chandler was sent in 1764, along with Revett the architect and Pars the painter, to explore certain parts of the East, and to make research among the monuments of classical antiquity. The party visited Troas, Tenedos, Scio, Smyrna, Athens, Marathon, Salamis, Megara, Argos, Corinth, Delphi, and many adjacent places of interest, and returned to England near the close of 1766. In 1769 there appeared their joint work "Ionian Antiquities." In the same year Dr. Chandler was appointed to the livings of East Worldham, and West Tisted, Hants, whence he removed to the rectory of Tylehurst, Berkshire, where he died in 1810. As the result of his travels Dr. Chandler published several itineraries and antiquarian dissertations. He also prepared, but did not live to publish, a life of Waynflete, bishop of Winchester, lord high chancellor of England under Henry VI., and founder of Magdalen college. It was published in 1811.—J. B.
CHANDLER, Samuel, D.D., born in 1693 at Hungerford in Berkshire, where his father, the Rev. Henry Chandler, was minister to a congregation of protestant dissenters, received the chief part of his education at Gloucester, having for fellow students Seeker, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, and Butler, author of the Analogy. Having laid a solid foundation for the stores of classical, biblical, and oriental learning, which he put forth in after-life in numerous valuable writings, Dr. Chandler settled as minister of a presbyterian congregation at Peckham, near London. While in this post he took part in the celebrated debate at Salter's hall in 1719, on subscription to articles of faith, and his name appears in the majority, along with those of Lardner, Lowman, Hunt, &c. Losing considerable property in the fatal South Sea scheme of 1720, he engaged for some years in the trade of a bookseller. In 1726 he became assistant minister and afterwards pastor of the presbyterian congregation in the Old Jewry, where he officiated for the space of forty years. Dr. Chandler distinguished himself by several works calculated to establish, illustrate, and enforce the divinity of christianity, particularly as assailed by the unbelievers of his day. Of these the principal are his "Vindication of the Christian Religion, in two parts," &c.; "Reflections on the Conduct of Modern Deists in their late writings against Christianity;" "A Vindication of the Antiquity and Authority of Daniel's Prophecies;" "The History of Persecution, in four parts," &c.; "A Vindication of the History of the Old Testament, in answer to the misrepresentations and calumnies of Thomas Morgan, M.D.;" "The Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ re-examined, and their Testimony proved entirely Consistent;" and "A Critical History of the Life of
