friend Richardson, she was introduced to Mr. Chapone, a barrister at the Temple, to whom, after a long acquaintance, she was married in 1760, but who only survived ten months. Her early widowhood was somewhat cheered by the friendship of Mrs. Montague, Lord Lyttleton, and Miss Carter. Mrs. Chapone contributed one of the earliest numbers of Johnson's Rambler; wrote a story named "Fidelia," which appeared in the Adventurer; an ode to peace; and an ode addressed to Miss Carter on the publication of her translation of Epictetus. Her first avowed work was the "Letters," written at first for the benefit of a favourite niece, but published in 1773 at the request of Mrs. Montague. This was soon followed by a volume of miscellanies. She died in 1801. Her works, with a sketch of her life, were published in two volumes in 1807.—J. B.
CHAPPE, Claude, a French mechanician, nephew of the famous astronomer the Abbé Chappe d'Auteroche, was born at Brulow in Normandy in 1763. He is distinguished as the inventor of the telegraph or semaphore, a machine for carrying signals between distant places similar to that invented by Dr. Hook in England, and modified by Amontons in France. He died in 1805.—J. B.
CHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE, Jean, a French astronomer, born of a distinguished family in 1722. While studying at the college of Louis le Grand, his progress in mathematics and astronomy attracted the notice of the principal, father De la Tour, who introduced him to Cassini—an introduction that proved the beginning of his good fortune. In 1760, he departed for Tobolsk, to observe the transit of Venus, predicted by Halley to happen in the following year. He accomplished the object of his journey amid incredible hardships, and published an account of it in two volumes in 1768. In 1769 another transit of Venus took him to California, where he died in August of the same year, after having been successful in making his observations. They were published by C. F. Cassini in 1772 under the title of Voyage de Californie.—R. M., A.
CHAPPELL, William, an English divine, was born in 1512. Appointed soon after 1533 provost of Trinity college, Dublin, he was preferred in 1538 to the bishoprick of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross. But he soon got into trouble. Charged with puritanism at Cambridge, he was now accused of popery in Ireland. He was impeached in the house of peers—the charges being perjury and malice towards the Irish. He left Ireland at the breaking out of the rebellion, and died at Derby, after suffering many misfortunes, in 1649. He wrote a work entitled "Methodus Concionandi," and also an account of his own life in Latin. Some have supposed him to be the author of The Whole Duty of Man.—R. M., A.
* CHAPPELL, William, F.S.A., a musical antiquary, was born in London, November 20, 1809. His father founded the extensive music warehouse which bears his name. Engaged in this establishment, Mr. Chappell's national pride was continually offended by his hearing the existence of English music denied; and the more so as the fashion of the day for Scotch songs, arising from the successful performance of popular singers, induced the manufacture of numberless pieces pretending to be Scotch, and the false attribution to Scottish origin of many excellent melodies native to the south side of the border. Accordingly, he applied himself with such zeal as can only belong to a labour of love—to the investigation of whether or not England possessed any national music; and in the prosecution of this inquiry he collected the materials for his first publication. This was "A Collection of National English Airs," which appeared in parts in 1838, 1839, and 1840. It contains an immense number of songs and dance tunes, procured from antiquarian sources and from tradition, with a historical account of each; and the remarkable beauty of these fully demonstrates, not only that England possesses music of its own at least equal in merit to any other national music in the world, but that the want of disposition for music with which this country is familiarly characterized, is an entirely false aspersion. On the completion of this work, Mr. Chappell was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In seeking materials for the "Collection of National English Airs," he came across so many interesting specimens of early poetry and light literature—illustrating manners and customs—equally valuable to historians, antiquaries, and bibliographers, that he thought it desirable to take measures for their republication. Accordingly, after the example of the Camden Society, be founded, in conjunction with Dr. Rimbault, and with the assistance of Mr. Halliwell and others, the Percy Society, for printing these works by the subscription of its members. The society commenced its operations in 1840, continued its existence for eleven years, and produced ninety-five books. It was at first designed to include in the proceedings of the Percy Society, the republication of the musical compositions of the Elizabethan masters which had become obsolete, which would as powerfully prove the scholarly musicianship that formerly flourished in England, as did Mr. Chappell's collection the prevalence with our forefathers of a popular taste for music. Finding it inconvenient, however, to combine these two objects in one institution, the founder again, in conjunction with Dr. Rimbault and with the Gresham professor, Mr. E. Taylor, established the Musical Antiquarian Society, in order to carry out his favourite idea of vindicating the English musical character. This society was formed in November, 1840, lasted six years, and issued eighteen works, which throw most valuable light on the history of the art. Of this, as of the Percy Society, Mr. Chappell and Dr. Rimbault officiated as treasurer and secretary. In 1843 Mr. Chappell became a partner in the music firm of Cramer & Co. His labours in the cause of English national music ceased not with the issue of his first publication. On the contrary, this work served the editor as a nucleus, round which to gather fresh proofs of the indigenous musical character of his country—fresh examples of the beautiful melodies that at once expressed and inspired the feelings of former generations of Englishmen. The original book having been for some time out of print, Mr. Chappell commenced in 1845 the publication of "Popular Music of the Olden Time," in parts, the last of which has been issued in 1859. This work is greatly more extensive than the former, and much more systematic in its arrangement; it forms, in fact, an illustrated history of music in England from the time of Alfred to that of George III.; and the beauty of its examples and the force of the facts proving their once general popularity, must have the effect of obliterating the stigma prejudice has stamped upon the character of the country, and demonstrating that England is a musical nation. The thanks of every one of his countrymen who is interested in art, will repay the editor's elaborate and indefatigable researches.—G. A. M.
CHAPPELOW, Leonard, a celebrated Orientalist, was born in 1683, and died in 1768. He studied at Cambridge, and in 1720 succeeded Simon Ockley in the Arabic chair. He held, besides, the livings of Great and Little Hormead. In 1727 he published Spencer's work, De Legibus Hebræorum Ritualibus, with additions and corrections; in 1730 "Elementa Linguæ Arabicæ;" and soon after a Commentary on Job. In 1765 appeared Bull's Two Sermons on the State of the Soul after Death, with a preface by Chappelow. His last publication was entitled "Six Assemblies," &c. It is part of a large work written in Arabic by Hariri of Basra.—R. M., A.
CHAPTAL, Jean Antoine, Count de Chanteloup, an eminent French chemist, of the Lavoisier period, was born in 1756; died in 1832. Throughout his long career he was passionately fond of chemistry, and devoted himself more particularly to the application of that science to the industrial arts. He obtained his diploma as M.D. at Montpellier in 1777, and then repaired to Paris, where his progress was rapid, and attended with remarkable success. On his return to Montpellier in 1781, the states of Languedoc founded for him a chair of chemistry in the school of medicine. Having succeeded to the fortune of a rich uncle, he instituted several establishments for the manufacture of chemical products. He improved the processes for the production of mineral acids, alum, soda, white-lead, sugar of lead, &c.; discovered a new method for dyeing turkey red, and was also successful in naturalizing the barilla of Alicante in the south of France. For these useful labours he was rewarded with letters of nobility, and the cordon of the order of St. Michael. He adopted all the ideas of the Revolution, but he highly disapproved of their excess. He was appointed director of the saltpetre works at Grenelle, and was soon afterwards intrusted with the reorganization of the school of medicine at Paris, in which he was professor of chemistry. The 18th Brumaire opened to his talents a more brilliant career. He was named by the first consul, councillor of state, and on the retirement of Lucien, received the portfolio of the interior. Under his administration chambers of commerce were founded, special encouragements granted to the industrial arts and manufactures, the culture of beet-root and woad extended, and schools for
