conjunction with Franceschini, painted the chamber of Council at Genoa; and Pompeo Agostino, the nephew of Giuseppe, who resided at Rome, where he died in 1739, has bequeathed to us numerous engravings, and pictures both in oil and distemper.—S.
ALDROVANNI, Ulisse, a celebrated naturalist, was born at Bologna on the 11th September, 1522, and died on the 10th November, 1607. At the age of six he lost his father, and was placed as a page in the family of a rich bishop. Quitting this, he was at twelve years of age apprenticed to a merchant. This occupation was not congenial to his taste, and he speedily gave it up. After travelling in Spain, he returned to Bologna, where he prosecuted the study of law. He subsequently went to Padua, and attended lectures on law and medicine. Being suspected of protestantism, he was arrested and imprisoned at Rome. On his liberation, he returned to his native city, and studied botany under Lucas Ghino, who was professor of that science in the university. He continued to pursue his scientific studies both at Bologna and at Padua. In 1553 he took the degree of doctor of medicine, and in 1560 he was appointed professor of natural history and of logic at Bologna. He established a botanic garden in the city, and was chosen to be inspector of drugs. He was fond of natural history in all its departments, and spent much of his time and fortune in travelling to distant countries, and in making collections of animals, plants, and minerals. He wrote histories of birds, insects, fishes, quadrupeds, metals, and trees. He died at the age of 85, and was buried with pomp, at the expense of the state, in the church of Saint-Etienne, in Bologna. During his lifetime he published only four volumes of the large work which bears his name. The remaining ten were published partly under the direction, and at the expense, of the senate of Bologna, and partly by private parties. His botanical works are—"Dendrologia Naturalis, or Natural History of Trees," and "Pomarium Curiosum, or a Description of their Productiveness, Culture, and Economical Uses." These works were published by Montalban, professor of botany at Bologna, in 1667, being sixty years after the death of the author. Monti named the genus Aldrovandia, in honour of him. The genus belongs to the natural order Droseraceæ, and comprehends a singular aquatic plant, which floats in water by means of bladder-like leaves filled with air.—J. H. B.
ALDRUDA, Bertinoro, Countess of, a woman of great courage and address, belonged to the noble family of Frangipani of Rome, and by the death of her husband, Count Bertinoro, early became a widow. Supported by the Guelphs, she raised the siege of Ancona, assailed by the imperial armies in 1172.
ALDUIN, the first king of the second Lombardian dynasty, flourished about the middle of the sixth century. The Emperor Justinian entered into an alliance with him, and conceded to him the province of Pannonia, on condition of his sending mercenaries to check the Ostragoths in Italy. It is supposed Justinian fomented the wars which he carried on with varying success against the Gepidæ, down to the time of his death, in order to divert the attention of both parties from his own possessions. By his wife, a descendant of Theodoric, king of the Ostragoths, Alduin left a son, Alboin I., by whom the Lombard power was firmly established in Italy.—S.
ALDUS MANUTIUS (Aldo Manuzio), was born at Bassiano in 1447. In early life he studied both at Rome and Ferrara. When Ferrara was besieged by the Venetians, he left it for Mirandola, the residence of the famous Pico, with whom he was on intimate terms. Under the patronage of Alberto Veo, the lord of Carpi, Aldo thought of establishing a printing-press at Pavia, and ultimately carried out his design at Venice. His labours commenced about 1488, and his first publications made their appearance about two years afterwards. Aldo soon surpassed all printers of his time in accuracy, beauty, and copiousness. Not only did he spare no expense in procuring the most correct manuscripts, but he enjoyed the assistance of a company of learned men, who met regularly at his house, and formed an academy. A Greek psalter is said to have been the first book he printed; and copies of Hesiod, and Aristotle's "Organon" were issued in 1495. A new and elegant form of type was invented by him, called often the "Italic," or cursive, and in it he printed first an octavo Virgil, while other classics followed in succession. Aldus compiled, also, a Latin and Greek grammar, and a Greek and Latin dictionary. Aldus was compelled to leave Venice in 1506, his property being plundered, and did not return till 1512, when he set up his press again, in partnership with his father-in-law Andrew Asola. He died in the sixty-seventh year of his age—having been set upon and wounded by three unknown assassins. The Aldine editions were famed in their day, and they are still precious literary curiosities. A catalogue of the works of Aldus has been published by Renouard at Paris. His son, named Paul, succeeded him, and was likewise eminent in learning, criticism, and printing. His edition of Cicero in 1540 was a work of great value. Born at Venice 1512, and died there 1574. Aldus Manutius, son of Paul, was one of the most learned men of his time, and famed also for his printing. Died 1597.—J. E.
ALE, Egidius, a painter, born at Liege, died, according to Zani, in 1689. With Morandi, Romanelli, and Bonatti, he executed the whole decoration of the sacristy of the church of Santa Maria dell' Anima at Rome, of which his portion was an altarpiece in oil, and the ceilings of the chapels in fresco.
ALEA, Leonard, a native of Paris, died in that city in 1812. As a man of letters, he did much for the revival of religious sentiment in France after the Revolution. His principal works are—"La Religion triomphant des attentats de l'impiete," and "Reflexions contre le divorce."
ALEANDER, Hieronymus, the Elder, archbishop of Brindisi, and cardinal of the Roman church, played a not unimportant part in the history of the Reformation. He was born at Motta, a small town of Italy, 13th Feb., 1480, and early distinguished himself by his taste for, and rapid proficiency in, liberal knowledge. In addition to the classical languages, he occupied himself with the study of Hebrew and Arabic, and made uncommon attainments in mathematics, astronomy, and music. His father was a physician, and for some time he contemplated adopting the same profession; but having changed his resolution in favour of the church, he devoted himself to the professional study of theology. The fame of his abilities having been carried to Rome, Pope Alexander VI. employed him on a mission to Hungary, but he was disabled from executing it by an illness which arrested him at Venice on his way. Here he made the acquaintance of Erasmus, through Aldus Manutius, and aided him in the publication of his celebrated Adagia. In 1508 he was invited into France by Louis XII., and taught Greek for six years in the universities of Paris and Orleans. Having exchanged this office in 1514 for the service of the prince-bishop of Liege, to whom he was recommended by Stephen Poncherius, bishop of Paris, and who made him his secretary and chancellor, and a canon in his cathedral, he was sent in 1516 to Rome, to promote the elevation of his patron to the cardinalate. Here he fell under the eye of Leo X., who invited him to remain in Rome, and appointed him to the honourable post of librarian of the Vatican. His zeal against Luther recommended him to Leo as a suitable man to send as his nuncio into Germany and the Netherlands, to oppose the doctrines of the German monk. The violence of his proceedings and language in this character was too much even for his friend Erasmus, who quarreled with him irreconcilably on this occasion. He was present at the diet of Worms in 1520, where he employed all his eloquence and arts, first to prevent the diet from giving a hearing to Luther, and next, when he had filled in that object, to obtain an imperial edict against the reformer. He did his utmost even to prevail upon the young emperor Charles to violate the safe-conduct which had been given to Luther. At the close of the diet he returned to the Netherlands, where he signalized himself by the cruelty of his persecuting measures against the evangelical monks of St. Augustine at Antwerp. It was at his instance that the two first martyrs of the Reformation—Henry Voes and John Esch—were burnt to ashes in the great square of Brussels, on the first of July, 1523. For these zealous but unscrupulous services Aleander was rewarded, in 1524, with the bishopric of Brindisi, by Pope Clement VII. In the following year, having been sent as nuncio to Francis I., he was taken prisoner along with that monarch at the battle of Pavia, and had to pay a heavy ransom to recover his liberty. In 1531 he went a second time into Germany as papal legate, but was unable to prevent the conclusion of the religious peace of Nurnberg in that year, which secured for the Reformation some years of tranquillity. In 1538 he was made a cardinal by Pope Paul III., and was destined, along with cardinals Campeggio and Simonata, to preside at the general council which was then in contemplation. In the same year he was a third time dispatched into Germany, to stimulate the Romish princes of the empire to more vigorous measures against the protestant states, but with no
