at Warsaw. In his professorship he chiefly applied himself to Hebrew learning, and proposed translating the Talmud into French. The announcement of this project created such alarm, both amongst Jews and christians, that Chiarini felt himself compelled to abandon it. A controversy was maintained on the subject of the proposed translation, by Beugnot's writing against it in the Revue Encyclopedique, and by Chiarini in detached pamphlets. His "Théorie du Judaisme," Paris, 2 vols., 8vo, is a work of great interest.—J. A., D.
CHICHELE, Henry, archbishop of Canterbury, was born about 1362 at Higham-Ferrers. He commenced his literary education at Winchester school, and studied civil and canon law at New college, Oxford. After passing through various preferments, and being employed on various embassies to France and to the pope, Henry IV. presented him to the bishopric of St. David's in 1408. Next year he represented England in the council of Pisa, where the pretensions of Popes Gregory and Benedict were discussed, and themselves both deposed. In 1414 he succeeded to the see of Canterbury. He has been accused of urging on Henry V. to that war with France of which the field of Agincourt was a brilliant memorial. Chichele resisted with no little courage the claim of the pope to dispose of ecclesiastical preferments in England, and he also had no little vexation from the growth of Lollardism, and no little trouble in attempting to suppress it. In his advanced years he commenced and finished the erection of All Souls college at Oxford, and richly endowed it under the name of "Collegium omnium animarum fidelium defunct, de Oxon." The society was to pray for the king and the archbishop during their lives and after their death; for those who had fallen in the war with France; and for the souls of all who had died in faith. He also, by his high influence with all parties in the state, secured various benefits to both the universities. In 1442, and when he was fourscore, "heavy-laden, aged, infirm, and weak beyond measure," as he describes himself, he applied for the necessary papal permission to resign his office, but died ere the result of his application could be known, and was interred in the cathedral of Canterbury. Many instances of his generosity are on record, for he freely expended his wealth in various public and benevolent enterprises. His liberality and enlightenment were beyond the age in which he lived. Education, such as he conceived it ought to be, always found in him a generous and hearty supporter.—J. E.
CHICHESTER, Sir Arthur, first Baron Belfast, a distinguished soldier and politician, was born in Devonshire towards the end of the sixteenth century. He is said to have been a boy of very precocious talent, and of a lively and daring temper. This latter quality led him to indulge in a frolic similar to those played off by Prince Hal, and made it necessary for him to leave the country and avoid the vengeance of Queen Elizabeth, who did not view the plundering of one of her bailiffs, even in sport, as a joke. Taking refuge in France, his personal bravery and military talents recommended him to the notice of Henry IV., by whom he was knighted. The reputation of the soldier won from Elizabeth pardon for the practical joker. He transferred himself to the queen's services, was sent to Ireland, rapidly promoted, and during the war with Tyrone was one of the most active, trusted, and successful leaders. Honours and position quickly followed. In 1603 he was appointed governor of Carrickfergus, and the following year commander of all the forces, and governor of the surrounding districts; and, finally, he was made lord-deputy of Ireland. He originated and carried out the plantation of Ulster; and was, in recompense for his great services, created Baron Chichester of Belfast. Having filled the office of lord-deputy till 1615, he was, at his own request, permitted to retire, but was appointed lord-high-treasurer. Chichester also filled some diplomatic functions. He went as ambassador to the Palatinate in 1622. He was afterwards commissioned to treat for a peace with the emperor; and being shut up in Manheim, then besieged by Tilly, he sent to say that it was contrary to the law of nations to besiege an ambassador. Tilly not having noticed this remonstrance, Chichester again addressed him—"If my master had sent me with as many hundred men as he hath sent me on fruitless messages, your general should have known that I had been a soldier as well as ambassador." He died in London in the year 1624.—J. F. W.
CHICHESTER, Arthur, first Earl of Donegal, was born in June, 1606, and early entered upon the military life, in which he became subsequently so distinguished. In 1627 he had the command of a troop of horse, and had risen to the rank of colonel before the breaking out of the rebellion, in which he distinguished himself by his fidelity to the royal cause and his bravery and activity. In reward of his long services, and on the representation of Ormonde, he was, in 1645, created Earl of Donegal. After the restoration he was appointed governor of Carrickfergus, a post which proved to be one of peril and difficulty. He died in Belfast in 1674.—J. F. W.
CHICOYNEAU, François, a French physician, born in 1672; died in 1752. He was famous as a practitioner, and was sent in 1720 by the regent to Marseilles to plan measures for arresting the plague, then raging in that city. Chirac, who was his father-in-law, introduced him at court; and after his death, Chicoyneau was appointed first physician to the king and councillor of state. He published, amongst other things, a "Treatise on the Causes and Cure of the Plague."—His son, François, who was born in 1699, and died in 1740, succeeded him in his honourable and lucrative position.—R. M., A.
CHIFFLET, Jean Jacques, a physician of Franche-comté, author of various historical and archæological works, born in 1588; died in 1660. Philip IV. of Spain, made him his physician, and commissioned him to write a history of the order of the golden fleece. Several brothers and descendants of this learned writer, also attained distinction in literature.—J. S., G.
CHIGI, Fabio. See Alexander VII., Pope.
* CHILD, Lydia Maria, born Francis, one of the most pleasing, graceful, and pure of American writers, was born in Medford, Massachusetts, in February, 1802. In early life love of letters and a refined taste in writing were developed in her, and her earliest publications were received with favour. Among these were "Hobomok: an Indian story;" and "The Rebels: a Story of the Revolution." At the age of twenty-five she was married to David Lee Child, Esq., editor of the Massachusetts Journal. In 1832 she published a small volume, entitled "An Appeal in behalf of that class of Americans called Africans." This work was one of the first on the question of slavery which attracted a general attention in America. Its historical character was of much value—its arguments most weighty—its appeals to the conscience, honour, and humane feeling of the nation most touching. It was an important work, and deservedly placed the authoress among the most prominent of the friends of the oppressed. Subsequently for several years Mrs. Child was one of the editors of the National Antislavery Standard, the organ of the American Antislavery Society. Her "Letters from New York," in 2 vols., were first published in that journal. Parents and children are deeply indebted to her for her "Mother's Book;" "Flowers for Children," in 4 vols.; "Girl's Own Book;" "Fact and Fiction;" "The Oasis, a collection of Antislavery Stories;" as well as for the Juvenile Miscellany, a small monthly periodical, which she conducted with the happiest success for many years. Her largest work, the result of a life's study and most conscientious inquiry and thought, is the "Progress of Religious Ideas," in 3 vols., published in 1855.—F. B.
CHILD, Sir Josiah, an eminent London merchant and writer on political economy, was the second son of Richard Child, merchant, and was born in 1630. He was one of the directors, and for some time chairman, of the East India Company. He is believed to be the author of a tract published anonymously in defence of the trade to the East Indies, and entitled "A Treatise wherein it is demonstrated that the East India Trade is the most national of all Trades," 4to, London 1681. His principal publication, however, is entitled "Brief Observations concerning Trade, and the Interest of Money," by J. C, 4to, London 1688, which has passed through several editions, and was reprinted in Glasgow in 1751, under the title of "A New Discourse of Trade." In spite of a fundamental mistake concerning the interest of money, the work embodies many sound and valuable sentiments happily expressed, and shows that the author was in advance of his day. One of the chapters contains an account of a plan for the relief of the poor, which has attracted a good deal of attention. Sir Josiah was created a baronet in 1678, and died in 1699. He was very wealthy, and his children intermarried with some of the highest nobility.—J. T.
CHILD, William, Mus. Doc, according to Anthony Wood, was a native of Bristol, and educated under Elway Bevin, organist of the cathedral of that city. In 1631, being then of
