was considered doubtful, Cibber thought of entering the university; but this purpose also miscarried, the revolution of 1688 having found occupation for him among the forces raised by the earl of Devonshire at Nottingham. His term of military service over, Cibber no longer dreamt of a university career, but determined to indulge his early passion for the stage. His first appearances as an actor were only respectable, but a decided success attended his first performance of the chaplain in the tragedy of the Orphan; and successively as Lord Touchwood in Congreve's Double Dealer, and as Fondlewife in the Old Bachelor, he was received with uncommon favour. The successful actor now attempted the character of dramatist, his first production being "Love's Last Shift, or the Fool in Fashion" (1695)—a comedy which met with great success, the hero. Sir Novelty Fashion, being personated by the author with such abundant foppery as to give him a monopoly of the character, and of the character of fop in general for the rest of his life. "Woman's Wit," a comedy, and "Xerxes," a tragedy, followed; the one in 1697, and the other in 1699, but neither of these pieces was successful. In 1704, the "Careless Husband," on which Cibber's reputation as a dramatist mainly rests, was acted with the greatest success; and in 1717, taking a hint from the Tartuffe of Molière, he produced his comedy of the "Nonjuror," the dedication of which to the king was rewarded immediately with a present of two hundred pounds, and eventually with the dignity of poet-laureate (1730). For nineteen years from 1711, he was one of the lessees and principal manager of Drury Lane, where his impersonations of fops and feeble old men were stock attractions of the most profitable description. Occasionally, after his retirement from the stage, the offer of fifty guineas for one night's performance induced him to reappear in one of his favourite characters; and on such an occasion the popularity of the actor-dramatist appeared unbounded. He was found dead in his bed on the 12th December, 1757. An edition of his plays appeared in 1721, 2 vols. 4to, and an 8vo edition, in 5 vols., in 1777. A list of thirty dramatic pieces, in the production of which Cibber was more or less concerned, is given in the Biog. Dramat. His Apology for his life, published in 1740, and since frequently reprinted, is probably the performance by which Cibber is now best known. Johnson allowed it to be very well done—"Very well done, to be sure. Sir;" and Swift sat up all night to read it. Both in this work and in the "Remonstrance" which he addressed to Pope, who made the sprightly and ingenious, but not poetical laureate, the second hero of the Dunciad, Cibber exhibited a sturdiness of character and a force of intellect, for which the usual vanity and the occasional absurdity of his conduct had little prepared his contemporaries to give him credit.—J. S., G.
CIBBER, Mrs. Susannah Maria, a celebrated singer, the sister of Thomas Augustine Arne, was born in 1714, and prepared for the stage by the instruction of her brother. She made her first appearance at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn fields in 1732, in Lampe's opera of Amelia. The success of his pupil in the part of Amelia induced Arne to prepare another for her. He accordingly composed new music for Addison's opera of Rosamond. It was performed in 1733, confirming the reputation of Miss Arne, and laying the foundation of that of her brother who now became known for the first time as a composer. Soon after her success in the part of Rosamond, Miss Arne became the second wife of the celebrated, or rather notorious, Theophilus Cibber, to whom she was married in 1734. Cibber's own and his wife's emoluments, though very considerable, were insufficient to supply his extravagant expenses; and soon after their marriage the derangement of his affairs rendered it necessary for him to retire to France. During his absence a liaison took place between Mrs. Cibber and a young gentleman of fortune at which, after his return, he is said not only to have connived, but even to have been accessory to their correspondence. He was afterwards induced, however, to bring an action against the gentleman, laying his damages at £5000; but the amount which he recovered (£10), shows the sense which was entertained of his own conduct. This worthless and unhappy man was drowned in a shipwreck in 1758. The vessel in which he had embarked for Ireland, was driven by stormy weather to the western coast of Scotland where it was lost, and most of the crew and passengers perished. Mrs. Cibber remained on the Drury-lane stage till her death, January 30, 1766. When the intelligence of this event was communicated to Garrick, he gave her character in the following words—"Tragedy is dead with her; and yet she was the greatest female player belonging to my house; I could easily parry the artless thrusts, and despise the coarse language of some of my other heroines: but whatever was Cibber's object, a new part or a new dress, she was always sure to carry her point by the force of her invective and the steadiness of her perseverance." Her person is described by her biographers as having been perfectly elegant. Even when she had lost the bloom of youth, although she wanted that fullness of person which is frequently so effectual in concealing the hand of time, it was impossible to contemplate her figure and face without thinking her handsome. Her voice was naturally plaintive and musical. Davies says, "In grief and tenderness her eyes looked as if they swam in tears—in rage and despair they seemed to dart flashes of fire. In spite of the unimportance of her figure, she maintained a dignity in her action, and a grace in her step. She was a perfect judge of music; and though she was not mistress of a voice requisite to a capital singer, yet her fine taste was sure to gain her the applause and approbation of the best judges." Handel was very partial to her, and some of his finest contralto songs were written for her voice.—E. F. R.
CIBBER, Theophilus, son of Colley Cibber, was born in 1703. After spending four years at Winchester school, he appeared on the stage of Drury Lane in 1720; and notwithstanding some defects of person and manner, became a popular actor. He married an actress of the name of Johnson, and after her death formed a second union with Miss Arne. (See the preceding memoir.) In 1738 he retired to France to escape his duns; on his return separated from his wife; for twenty years lived the life of a prodigal, except when he was in prison; and in 1758, having sailed from Parkgate to fulfil a theatrical engagement in Dublin, perished by shipwreck. He altered a few pieces for the stage, and was the author of one comedy. The "Lives of the Poets," 5 vols. 12mo, was published with his name, but his claim to the authorship of the work has been disputed in favour of a Scotchman, named Shields, who had been amanuensis to Johnson.—J. S., G.
CIBO. See Innocent VIII.
CIBOT, Pierre Martial, a French jesuit missionary at Pekin, where he became professor of mathematics to the Chinese court; born in 1727; died at Pekin in 1780. He formed the project of illustrating the text of the sacred books by Chinese historical documents, but accomplished only a small part of the work, his annotations being confined to the book of Esther. The work contains some curious allusions to subjects of sacred history, extracted from ancient documents, to which Cibot had access at the court of the emperor.—J. S., G.
* CIBRARIO, Luigi, was born at Turin in 1802. The intimate friend of king Charles Albert, he was intrusted by him with many diplomatic missions in the years 1832-33. He was royal commissary to the Venetian republic in the memorable year 1848. After the battle of Novara, Cibrario followed his royal patron into exile, and in vain endeavoured to bring him back to Turin. Nominally a member of the Sardinian ministry, he enjoys the full confidence of Count Cavour, and devotes all his leisure hours to the revision of his numerous historical and statistical works. Amongst these we may distinguish his "History of the Monarchy of Savoy," and his "Economy of the Middle Ages." As a novelist, no less than as a historian, Cibrario is much esteemed.—A. G. M.
CICALA, Scipio de, a famous adventurer, of Italian birth, who rose to be capitan-pasha under the immediate successors of Soliman the Magnificent. He was taken prisoner by the Turks along with his father, a Genoese viscount, at the sea-fight of Djerbi in 1560, and being carried to Constantinople, was employed as a page in the imperial seraglio. He was soon transferred to the more congenial service of the field; and so conspicuous were his talents and bravery, that, on the accession of Amurath III., he was appointed aga of the janizaries. He distinguished himself greatly in the war which shortly afterwards broke out between the Porte and Persia, and on the conclusion of peace was named capitan-pasha. This dignity, after the Hungarian campaign of Mohammed III., which he chiefly directed, and which his personal valour at the battle of Keresztes turned signally to the advantage of the Turks, he exchanged for the title of grand vizir. He was dismissed from the vizirat, however, before the lapse of a month, and resumed his former
