the perilous position in which the Roman consul and army had been placed by the Æqui. He rescued the army, inflicted a signal defeat upon the enemy, and then returned to his farm, after holding the dictatorship for only sixteen days. He was a second time appointed dictator at the age of 80 (b.c. 439), for the purpose of suppressing the alleged seditious machinations of Sp. Maelius. A story is told of Cincinnatus having been reduced to poverty by paying a fine imposed upon his son Cæsa; but it is rejected by Niebuhr as a mere fabrication.—(Tit. Liv., lib. iii. & iv.; Nieb. Rome, vol. ii. p. 286.)—J. T.
CINCIUS ALIMENTUS. See Alimentus.
CINEAS, a famous Thessalian orator, the friend and minister of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. He was the most eloquent man of his day, and Pyrrhus was wont to say that "the words of Cineas had won him more towns than all his own armies." He was no less celebrated for the vivacity of his conversation, and many of his bon mots and repartees have been preserved by the classical writers. He was a strenuous advocate of peace with the Romans, and was sent to Rome with proposals for a treaty after the battle of Heraclea, 280 b.c. Two years later Cineas was sent a second time to negotiate a peace, but without effect. He appears to have died soon after.—J. T.
CINELLI, Calvolli Giovanni, born at Florence in 1625, and died at Loreto in 1706. He practised medicine, and after seeking to establish himself in more than one locality, returned to Florence. Through Magliabecchi he obtained access to the library of the grand duke, and employed himself in cataloguing pamphlets and rare books. He printed sixteen parts of his catalogue under the title of "Biblioteca Volante." It was continued to twenty parts by Scanzani, who republished the whole in four volumes, quarto, Venice, 1734.—J. A., D.
CINESIAS, a dithyrambic poet of Athens, who owes his celebrity to the ridicule with which he was treated by Aristophanes and other comic poets.—J. S., G.
CINGETORIX, a chief of the Gauls in the district of Trevisi (Treves), who revolted to the Romans and fought against his own father-in-law, Indutiomarus, the leader of the patriotic party. On the death of that chief and the defeat of his tribe, Cingetorix was appointed his successor by Cæsar.—J. T.
CINNA, Caius Helvius: the date of his birth is unknown. His death occurred on the day of Julius Cæsar's funeral, 44 b.c. He was mistaken by the mob for Cornelius Cinna, one of the conspirators who had slain Cæsar, and was murdered by them. Cinna was a poet—the friend of Catullus. His name is also mentioned by Virgil. Of Cinna's verses some eight or nine lines remain, being found in accidental quotations. Two lines, not ungraceful, are preserved by Servius:—
Te matutinus flentem conspexit Eous,
Et flentem paulo vidit post Hesperus idem.
These lines are from an epic poem entitled Smyrna, the name of which we learn from Catullus, but what the subject of the poem was, remains unknown.—J. A., D.
CINNA, Lucius Cornelius, a Roman patrician, an associate of Marius, and the leader of the popular party during the absence of Sulla in the east. In 86 b.c. he was elected consul along with Cn. Octavius, and in violation of his oath to Sulla he attempted to overpower the senate, and to procure the recall of Marius and his party from banishment. In the contest which ensued he was defeated by his colleague and driven from the city. His office thus became vacant, and the senate appointed another consul in his room. He soon returned, however, along with Marius, and laid siege to Rome. The senate were forced to capitulate; but while the votes of the people were being taken for the repeal of the sentence against Marius, he broke into the city, massacred the friends of Sulla, and allowed his partisans to commit the most frightful excesses.—(See Marius.) For the next three years Cinna was consul; but Sulla, having brought the Mithridatic war to a close, resolved (84 b.c.) to return to Italy in order to inflict condign punishment on his enemies. Cinna prepared to resist him by force of arms, but was slain by his own troops in a mutiny caused by the orders he had given, that they should cross over from Italy to Greece, where he intended to encounter Sulla.—J. T.
CINNAMUS, Joannes, one of the most distinguished of the Byzantine historians, lived under the Emperor Manuel Comnenus, in the second half of the twelfth century, and wrote the history of Manuel, and of his father, Calo-Joannes, in six books. The work was edited by Du Cange, Paris, 1670, folio; and by Meineke, Bonn, 1836.—J. S., G.
CINQ-MARS, Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis de, was born in 1620. At the age of eighteen he was presented at court by Richelieu, and soon grew into favour with the king, Louis XIII. Already master of the horse, he chafed at the restraint under which Richelieu kept him, and eagerly longed for political power. His ambition soon compassed his ruin. He framed a conspiracy to overthrow the cardinal, of which the king and Gaston, duke of Orleans, his brother, were members. But Louis was weak and fickle, Eustace perfidious, and Richelieu not the man to be put down by a youth just turned of twenty. Cinq-Mars was delivered up to Richelieu, and beheaded at Lyons, along with his friend De Thou, a young counsellor, on the 12th of September, 1642.—R. M., A.
CINTRA, Gonzalos de, a Portuguese navigator who lived in the first half of the fifteenth century. He distinguished himself at Ceuta in the great African expedition of John I., and acquired great celebrity by taking part in various exploring voyages along the coast of Africa. A gulf in that coast bears his name. His ship was attacked by the blacks at the isle of Arguin, and Cintra and many of his men were killed in 1445.—J. T.
CIOFANO, Ercole, a noted Italian scholar, author of a life of Ovid, and of a commentary on the Metamorphoses, which has been highly prized by subsequent editors, was born at Salmo in the beginning of the sixteenth century.—J. S., G.
CIONE, Andrea di. See Orcagna.
CIPRIANI, Giovanni Battista: this celebrated artist was born in Florence about the year 1727. He was descended from a family of Pistoja. He is stated to have formed his style by studying the works of Antonio Domenico Gabbiani, a Florentine painter, then lately dead. His first pictures of any note were two altarpieces for the abbey of St. Michael at Pelago—one of "St. Thesaurus," the other of "St. Gregory VII." These are the more valuable from the fact of the limited number of Cipriani's paintings. In 1750 he was in Rome, where he studied for some two or three years. Thence he proceeded to England in company with Sir William Chambers and Mr. Wilton. When the duke of Richmond opened a gallery for studying the antique at his house in Whitehall, he appointed Cipriani professor of drawing, and Wilton superintendent of the modelling and statuary. This scheme was but short-lived; still it was one of the foundation stones of that more permanent edifice, the Royal Academy. Cipriani was one of the twenty-two artists who signed the petition to George III. for the institution of the academy, and was employed to make the design for the diploma given to the academicians and associates on their election. For his labours, the academy awarded him a silver cup "as an acknowledgment for the assistance the academy received from his great abilities in his profession." It is difficult to define how much of the fame of Cipriani may rest upon the charming interpretations given of him by Bartolozzi; but it would seem that the flow and grace of the painter were eminently adapted to the spirit and dexterous delicacy of the engraver. Each appears to have aided and supported, and given value to the work of the other. Cipriani was greatly patronized in his day. He was employed on the restoration of the Rubens ceilings to Whitehall chapel; also on the paintings of Verrio at Windsor. He painted the compartments of a ceiling in the antique style at Buckingham House. He decorated with poetical subjects a room in the house of Sir William Young at Standlinch in Wiltshire. Some of his pictures were in the collection of Mr. Coke at Holkham, and four are in the ceiling of the library of the Royal Academy. But his fame will probably rest ultimately almost altogether upon his drawings, as engraved by Bartolozzi. Fuseli in one of his lectures renders high homage to Cipriani, both as a painter and a man, when he says—"The fertility of his invention, the graces of his composition, and the seductive elegance of his forms, were only surpassed by the probity of his character, the simplicity of his manners, and the benevolence of ills heart." He died on the 14th December, 1785, and was interred in the cemetery at Chelsea. He left two sons, one of whom, Philip, held the office of clerk in the treasury, and died in 1821.—W. T.
CIRCIGNANI, Antonio, was the son of Niccolò, and was born in 1560, at Pomarance. He was the pupil and assistant of his father, and after his death, decorated by himself a chapel at the Traspontina, another at the Consolazione, and painted also
