some courage at the time. Taking for his subject M. Proudhon's paradoxical maxim that "property is robbery," Clairville brought out his "Proprieté c'est le vol"—a piece in which he ridiculed and satirized the various extravagant notions of the socialists with an extravagance no less absurd, but redeemed by being amusing. All Paris went, including the members of the provincial government; some of whom were caricatured before their eyes, and all laughed and applauded. Clairville's fertility in this kind of writing appears inexhaustible.—J. F. C.
CLAJUS, Johann, the Elder, a German poet and scholar, was born at Herzberg about 1530, and died in 1592 at Pendeleben near Sondershausen. He wrote several volumes of poetry; his principal work, however, is his German grammar (Grammatica linguæ Germanicæ, 11th ed., Nurnberg and Prague, 1720). Life by J. E. Goldhagen, Nordhausen, 1751.—K. E.
CLAJUS, Johann, the Younger, was born at Meissen in 1616, and died at Kitzingen in Franconia in 1656. He was a poet-laureate, and one of the founders of the Pegnitzorden. He wrote tragedies—"Herodes" and "Der leidende Christus"—poems, and other works.—K. E.
CLAMENGES, Matthieu Nicolas de (in Latin Clemangius), a French theologian, was born about 1360. He was educated in the college of Navarre at Paris under Professors Nogent, Machet, and Gerson, and seems to have imbibed their reforming opinions. He was early distinguished for his learning and eloquence, and in 1393 was elected rector of the Academy of Paris In the following year he presented to the king, in the name of the Sorbonne, a treatise pointing out various methods by which the king might terminate the schism then existing in the church; but in 1408 a bill of excommunication was issued against Clamanges by Benedict XIII., and he was forced to retire to the abbey of Vallombrosa in Tuscany. He ultimately returned to France, held several important offices, and spent the close of his life in the college of Navarre, where he died about 1440. Clamanges was a man of great ability, learning, and piety, and denounced with unsparing fidelity the vices of wicked princes, and of the pope, the clergy, and the monks. He has left a great many works, including treatises on "Antichrist," "The Corrupt State of the Church," "The Parable of the Prodigal Son," "The Benefit of Adversity," &c.—J. T.
CLANCY, Michael, M.D., an Irish author, whose life from infancy was one of adventure, was born in the end of the seventeenth century. At eight years old he was sent to a college in Paris, whence he stole out to see the duke of Ormond, and being ashamed or afraid to return he made his way to Dublin. Ignorant of the abode of his relations, he was saved from starvation by a stranger who placed him in a free school. He was finally discovered by his relatives, who sent him to Trinity college. He next sought his fortune in France, but was wrecked off the coast of Spain, and ultimately worked his way to Bordeaux, and subsequently obtained the degree of doctor of medicine at Rheims. Finally he returned to Ireland, and had good practice till he lost his sight. He now took to authorship, wrote several plays, one of which, "The Sharpers," is favourably spoken of by Swift, and all held their ground for some time on the stage. His poverty forced him to the singular expedient of playing for his own benefit in the character of the blind prophet "Tiresias," in Dryden and Lee's tragedy of Œdipus. He obtained a pension from the king of £40 a-year, and died about the year 1760.—J. F. W.
CLANRICARDE, a branch of the noble family of De Burgho which has given many illustrious names to Irish history:—
Ulick, the first earl, was distinguished in the sixteenth century for his vast territories and power, and the many important towns which he founded, including Roscommon, Galway, Loughrea, and Leitrim. He surrendered all his possessions to Henry VIII. in 1543, and obtained a regrant of them with the earldom of Clanricarde. He died in 1544, and was succeeded by his son—
Richard, second earl, commonly known as Sassanagh. He was a firm adherent to the English rule, and in 1548 captured the famous Cormac Roe O'Conor. Lodge states that he was lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and that he gained a victory over the Scots at Moyne in 1553. The latter years of this earl were disturbed by the dissensions of his sons. He died in 1582.
Richard, fourth earl, took a distinguished part with Lord Mountjoy in the battle of Kinsale, fought in 1601 between the English forces and those of O'Neil and O'Donnell, displaying extraordinary valour and personal prowess, for which he was knighted on the field. King James I. appointed him governor of Connaught, keeper of his house at Athlone, and one of the privy council. In 1615 he refused the presidency of Munster, but accepted the command of the county and city of Galway. In 1624 he was created an English peer as Baron Somerhill and Viscount Tunbridge, and Charles I. conferred upon him the titles of Baron Imany, Viscount Galway, and Earl of St. Albans. He sat by proxy in the house of lords in England, died in 1635, and was succeeded by his son—
Ulick, fifth earl, who was born in 1604. His great power and personal influence enabled him to render important service to his sovereign in the Irish rebellion in 1641. He strengthened the fort of Galway, of which he was governor, and when that town at length became infected with the spirit of disaffection and besieged the fort, he subdued the assailants by that moral energy of character for which he was remarkable. Though many overtures were made to him by the leaders of the rebellion, he remained unshaken in his loyalty, and was included in the king's commission, with Ormonde and others, to meet the recusants and transmit their complaints, and went so far as to procure a treaty for a cessation of hostilities for a year. Clanricarde, in conjunction with Ormonde, opposed the progress of Ireton and Coote towards Athlone, and on the return of Ormonde to England he was appointed his deputy with full power. In this arduous duty he had to encounter great difficulties. The success of the republicans did not prevent this loyal noble adhering with desperate fidelity to the cause of his master, till at length, in compliance with the king's instructions, he yielded when resistance could no longer be availing. His high character procured him the respect even of his enemies, and he was allowed to transport himself and three thousand Irish into the service of any foreign prince not at war with England. His Irish estate was confiscated, and he retired to Somerhill in Kent, where he died in 1657.
John, ninth earl, commanded a regiment of foot in the service of James II., and was taken prisoner at the battle of Aughrim. He was outlawed and attainted, and died in 1722. On the accession of Queen Anne the attainder was reversed, and the estates restored to his children.—J. F. W.
CLAP, Thomas, president of Yale college in New England, born at Scituate, Massachusetts, in 1703, and graduated at Harvard college. After officiating as a minister for thirteen years at Windham, Connecticut, he was appointed in 1739 president of Yale college. He entered on the duties of the office with a high reputation for general scholarship, especially for a knowledge of astronomy and pure mathematics. His career of usefulness in the college was latterly much marred by a controversy with Jonathan Edwards, arising out of the disputes to which Whitfield's visit gave rise among the theologians of New England. He resigned his office in 1766, a year before his death.—F. B.
CLAPAREDE, Count, a distinguished general and peer of France, born in 1774; died in 1841. He served in nearly all the campaigns of Napoleon, and earned in various battles the reputation of a brave and able soldier.—J. T.
CLAPPERTON, Hugh, a distinguished African traveller, was the son of a respectable surgeon, and was born at Annan in Scotland in 1788. Having acquired some knowledge of practical mathematics, including navigation and trigonometry, he was apprenticed at the age of thirteen in a merchant-ship which sailed between Liverpool and North America. After making several voyages he was impressed for the navy, and sent on board the Clorinde man-of-war as a common seaman. Partly through the influence of a relative, partly by his own intelligence and activity, he was soon promoted to the rank of a midshipman. In 1813 he was drafted on board the Asia, the flag-ship of Vice-Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, for the purpose of acting as drill-sergeant, and training the crew in the use of the cutlass, in which, along with some others, he had been instructed by the celebrated guardsman Angelo. In the following year he was sent to the Canadian lakes, where he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, and appointed to the command of the Confiance schooner. The flotilla on the lakes having been disbanded in 1817, Clapperton returned home, and was placed on half-pay. After spending some time at Lochmaben, Clapperton removed to Edinburgh in 1820, and became acquainted with Dr. Oudney, a young Englishman, who first directed his attention to the subject
