of novelty, and so effectually had Clayton persuaded the public that he was a great man, that this worthless production was performed twenty-four times the first season, and eleven times the second. Addison unfortunately partook so much of the general delusion as to commit the composition of the music of his opera of Rosamond to this worthless pretender. It was performed for the first time on the 4th of March, 1707; but notwithstanding the favourable prepossessions of the public, and the poetical merit of the piece, it was received with the utmost coldness, and struggled with difficulty through three representations. It was then laid aside, and never again performed in the lifetime of the author, though it was revived thirty years afterwards with new music by Dr. Arne. Rosamond owed its failure in a great measure to Clayton's wretched music, which the audience were now able to compare with better things. Addison's mortification at this ill success appears to have been the cause of the constant hostility he ever afterwards exhibited to the Italian opera. After the failure of Rosamond, Clayton disappeared from the musical world, and the date of his death is unrecorded.—E. F. R.
CLEANDER, was originally a Phrygian slave; afterwards the profligate favourite and minister of the Emperor Commodus. In a popular tumult occasioned by a scarcity of corn, he was torn to pieces by the mob.—J. T.
CLEANTHES: the second in order of the philosophers of the Porch. Born at Assos in the Troad about 300 b.c. he came to Athens in his manhood, and listened for fifteen years to the instructions of Zeno. When he began his studies he had in his possession only four drachmæ. He was not gifted with the faculty of quick apprehension, and his steady industry at first only served to excite the laughter of his fellows. But neither toil, poverty, nor ridicule could damp his zeal, or check his dauntless pursuit of knowledge. In the expressive words of Laertius "he took to philosophy bravely." Unable to purchase paper to make notes on Zeno's lectures, he scrawled them on bits of potsherd and ox-bones. The spectacle of a man in his station and circumstances devoting his entire time to speculative studies attracted the attention of the Areopagus, and in the exercise of an old right they called on him to give an account of his mode of life. It came out that he earned subsistence by drawing water for a gardener during the night, and was thus enabled to surrender his days to the search after wisdom. Struck with admiration for his industry, the judges offered him ten minæ, but the proffered gift was refused in the true spirit of a stoic. When the witty disciples of the porch applied to Cleanthes the nickname of the Ass, he said mildly, "That implied that his back was strong enough to bear whatever Zeno put upon it"—a remark confirmed by the result of after years when he taught in his master's chair, and the same indefatigable perseverance had won for him the more flattering title of the second Hercules. He was distinguished at all times by the composure with which he bore attack. On one occasion when he was satirized on the stage by Sositheus he looked so calm and dignified that the satirist was hissed off the stage by the spectators. He succeeded Zeno in 263 b.c., and continued to teach his doctrines with his faculties unimpaired to the age of eighty years. Cleanthes has no place among the great intellects of Greece, but he had acquired in a pre-eminent degree that grasp of the guiding principles of life which crowns an earnest and self-denying career. His writings manifest that loftiness which springs from purity of thought. He struck out no new path of speculation, but his sympathy with the difficulties of the mass of mankind, his own struggle and triumph, together with a vein of genuine religious feeling, fitted him to be one of the leaders of the stoic philosophy on its most important—its practical side. He is the author of a hymn to Jove, which has been justly characterized as the most devotional fragment of antiquity. It is to this hymn that St. Paul refers in his address at Athens—"As certain of your own poets have said, εκ σου γαρ γενος εσμεν." It is pervaded by the sense of a personal God having relation to the individual spirit of man. Another fragment of Cleanthes finely expresses the stoic view of fate—"Lead me, Zeus, and thou Destiny; whithersoever I am by you appointed, I will follow not reluctant; but even though I am unwilling, through badness, I shall follow none the less." Several of his detached sayings remain to indicate his observance and inculcation of plain living and philosophic contentment, as, when asked what is the best way to be rich, he answered, "To be poor in desires." The stoic satirist of Rome refers to him as presenting the best pattern of a life according to the ascetic rules of his school.
" Cultor enim juvenum purgatos miseri aures
Fruge Cleanthea."
Of the future he taught that all souls are immortal, but that the intensity of existence after death would vary according to the strength or weakness of the soul in life—a view capable of translation into the language of christian faith. His own decease was another instance of the resignation produced by his philosophy. Having fasted for two days by order of the physician to cure himself of an ulcer, Cleanthes said when asked to take food, he had gone so far on the road, he was unwilling to turn back again, and of his free will finished the journey.—J. N.
CLEARCHUS, a Spartan general who was employed on several important expeditions during the latter part of the Peloponnesian war. He latterly served under Cyrus at the head of some Greek mercenaries.
CLEARCHUS, tyrant of Heracleia, born 411 b.c.; was assassinated in 353.
* CLEAVELAND, Parker, LL.D., an American mineralogist and man of science, was born in Rowley, Massachusetts, 15th July, 1780; graduated at Harvard college in 1799; and six years afterwards was appointed professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and natural philosophy in Bowdoin college, Maine—a position which he has occupied honourably and efficiently for over half a century. In 1816, he published in one large volume "The Elements of Mineralogy and Geology," founded on the systems of Brongniart and Haüy. It was favourably received, and passed to a second edition, much enlarged, in two volumes, octavo, in 1822. He has been a pioneer in the cultivation of this science in America, and is highly respected for his labours in it, and for his success as a teacher.—F. B.
CLEEF, John Van: this painter was born in 1646 at Venloo in Guelderland. He studied under Primo Gentile at Brussels, and afterwards in the school of Gaspar de Crayer. Without reaching his beauty of colour he fairly surpassed Crayer in design. He had great facility, and a strong, free hand. His compositions are rich and graceful, and his thorough knowledge of architecture makes itself apparent in many of his works. He was renowned for the painting of his boys. His most celebrated work is in the chapel of the convent of the black nuns at Ghent, representing the sisters relieving the sick of the plague. He died at Ghent in 1716.—W. T.
CLEEF or CLEEVE, Joseph or Joas Van: this painter, called also Sotto Cleef, was born at Antwerp about 1500. He was highly considered as a colourist, and in this respect his works have been often accounted equal to the best Italian masters, though it does not seem that he ever visited Italy. He painted portraits, and heads of misers, bankers, and Jews weighing and counting money, in the manner of Quentin Matsys, though with more power and finer colour. His altarpieces at Antwerp gained him great esteem. His countryman, Sir Antonio More, brought him to England, and introduced him to King Philip, who took so little notice of his pictures, that the vain and irritable Dutchman quite lost his reason, and, according to Walpole, died in confinement. In Antwerp cathedral is his picture of "St. Cosmus and St. Damien." His portraits of himself and his wife, and his picture of "Mars and Venus," were purchased by Charles I. James II. possessed his paintings of the "Nativity" and the "Judgment of Paris," and Sir Peter Lely and the duke of Buckingham each had specimens of his art. His death occurred in 1536.—W. T.
* CLEGHORN, Hugh, a Scotch botanist, conservator of forests in the Madras presidency of India. He took the degree of M.D. in the university of Edinburgh, and was one of the early members of the Botanical Society. Proceeding to India as a medical man, in the service of the East India company, he rendered himself conspicuous by his botanical knowledge. He became professor of botany in the Madras medical college, and aided the Agri-horticultural Society in the improvement of their garden. He has printed an Index to Wight's Icones, and has published several papers in botanical periodicals on the "Plants of India." He also contributed to the exhibition of Indian products at Madras, and has sent home many valuable specimens to the museum at the Edinburgh botanic garden.—J. H. B.
CLELAND, John, son of Colonel Cleland, the Will Honeycomb of the Spectator, died in 1789, in his eightieth
