year. He was for a time consul at Smyrna, went afterwards to Bombay, quarrelled with some of the residents, and returned to England about 1749. Having fallen into pecuniary embarrassments, he prostituted his talents to the composition of an infamous work, the sale of which produced no less than £10,000. The rebuke he received from the privy council, and the pension of £100 with which it was accompanied, prevented the repetition of a literary scandal which should have sent the author to the pillory. His subsequent publications were political, dramatic, and philological.—J. S., G.
CLELAND, William, lieutenant-colonel of the Scottish Cameronian regiment, and author of a volume of poetry, was born about the year 1661. He was a zealous covenantor, and when little more than sixteen years of age, held a command as captain in the army of the insurgent covenanters at Drumclog and Bothwellbridge. He is supposed to have escaped to the continent on the suppression of this insurrection, and there is reason to believe that he studied civil law at Utrecht in 1684. In the following year he was in hiding among the wilds of Ayrshire and Clydesdale. He again left the country, but returned at the Revolution, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the famous Cameronian or earl of Angus's regiment, and commanded them when they were attacked at Dunkeld by a vastly superior force of Highlanders, under General Cannon, 21st of August, 1689. After an obstinate struggle, in which Cleland displayed the most indomitable courage, the insurgents were compelled to retreat, leaving three hundred men killed and wounded behind them. But the gallant young leader of the Cameronians was unfortunately killed in the action. "He was a youth of distinguished courage and abilities," says Macaulay; "his manners were polished, and his literary and scientific attainments respectable. He was a linguist, a mathematician, and a poet." Among other poems, he is the author of a bitter Hudibrastic satire upon the Highlanders. (See Cleland's Poems, Edin., 1697; and Macaulay's History, vol. iii., chap. 13.) Sir Walter Scott has stated, in his Border Minstrelsy, that Colonel Cleland was the grandfather of the notorious John Cleland above noticed. But this is an entire mistake, and has been satisfactorily disproved by a comparison of dates.—J. T.
CLEMENCET, Dom Charles, a French historical writer of the Benedictine order, was born in 1703, and died in 1778. He was employed for some time, along with Durand, upon the continuation of the "Decretals of the Popes," and other historical works. He was of a most laborious disposition, and continued his researches till the moment of his death. His most important works are, "The Art of Verifying Dates," begun by Danton, but which Clemencet revised and completed; a "General History of Port Royal," 10 vols., and "The Literary History of France," vols. x. and xi.—J. T.
CLEMENCIN, Diego, a Spanish statesman and man of letters, born in Murcia on 27th September, 1765. At ten years of age he was entered at the college of S. Fulgencio in that city, and so distinguished himself, both by character and acquirements, that at the conclusion of his course he was appointed assistant-professor of philosophy and theology. In 1788 he went to Madrid to superintend the education of the sons of the duchess of Benavente. In 1800 he was admitted a member of the Academy of History, and distinguished himself by a memoir on the reign of Isabel the Catholic; he also rendered important services to the academy of the Spanish language, and the national academy. Like nearly all the literary men of his day, Clemencin took a prominent part in the stormy politics of the time. As editor of the Gazette of Madrid, he very narrowly escaped with his life from the vengeance of Murat, after the sanguinary conflict at Madrid on the 3rd of May, 1808. Still, however, he continued to defend through the press the interests of Ferdinand VII., and in 1810 he went to Cadiz, where the royalist party maintained their head-quarters, to resume his duty of editing the Gazette. In 1813 he was elected a deputy to the Cortes for his native province of Murcia, and in the same year was chosen one of the royal secretaries. The events of 1814 necessitated his retirement into private life; but in 1820 he was again elected to the cortes, and twice filled the post of secretary, and once that of president. For a few months in 1822 he was secretary of state for the colonies, and for a short time for home affairs also. Again, in 1823, the political vicissitudes of the day obliged him to retire to his country-seat, where his time was divided between literary and rural pursuits. In 1827, on his return to Madrid, he was employed by the government in various duties, which he discharged greatly to the advantage of the country—such as the framing of new laws relating to game, and the redistribution of districts for judicial purposes. A more questionable employment was the compilation of an index of prohibited books. In 1833 he was appointed principal royal librarian, and in 1834 was raised to the dignity of a peer of the realm by the queen- regent. Clemencin's reputation, however, must be considered as literary rather than political. His earliest essay was a translation of the Agricola of Tacitus and other classical works. His "Commentary on Don Quixote" may be said to have thrown an entirely new light, even for his own countrymen, on the immortal work of Cervantes; the notes consist not only of philological explanations, but of acute criticisms of the manners and spirit of the time. Only a part of the work was edited by himself, the last three volumes being published by his sons after his death, which took place on the 30th of July, 1834, from an attack of cholera. Among his manuscripts is a memoir on the life of the Cid, the publication of which could not fail to be interesting.—F. M. W.
* CLEMENS, Friedrich, the assumed name of a modern German poet of considerable genius, but of rather eccentric character. He was born of very poor parents, named Gerke, at Osnabrück in Westphalia, on the 22d January, 1801; and the circumstance of having had for godfather the Rev. Clemens von Morsey, induced him to take the "nom de plume" of Friedrich Clemens, under which he is at present known. His career was a very curious one. He began writing verses when about ten years old, and this having attracted the attention of some notabilities of his native town, he was nominated to the post of assistant letter-carrier at the age of fourteen. He next became a student of theology; then an itinerant schoolmaster; after that a footman in the service of a merchant at Hamburg, and finally a lawyer's clerk. As such he married "on fifteen pounds a-year" a little milliner's assistant; set up shop as milliner and tobacconist; failed in both occupations; enlisted with an English recruiting officer for the 60th regiment, then in Canada; and set sail, in company with his wife, for the latter country, in March, 1821. But the life of a soldier proving as unacceptable as any of his former occupations, he again took to verse-making; and procuring by means of it the necessary funds, he bought his discharge from the 60th, and returned to Hamburg in 1823. "Rhyme-forging" now became his regular business, to which he added that of a printer of his works, he having himself constructed, "out of an old tobacco press," a printing machine, and obtained the loan of an old set of types. He in this way issued "Ernste und heitere Proben meiner Dichtung" (Specimens, light and serious, of my Poetry), a volume which was reprinted afterwards in the regular, and it must be said the belter way, so far as the getting-up of the book was concerned. His next publications were "Klänge der Herzens an die Gottheit" (Aspirations of the Heart to God), Hamburg: Hoffman and Campe, 1832; "Die Excentrischen" (The Eccentric People), ibid. 1834; and "Manifest der Vernunst" (The Manifesto of Reason) 1836. The last named work made a great sensation in Germany, and was interdicted by the Diet; which, of course, immediately trebled its circulation and the author's renown. After this he published two novels, "Das entschleierte Bild zu Sais" (The unveiled Picture at Sais); and "By Nacht und Nebel" (Through Night and Fog); as also a comedy, "Der Auswanderer am Ohio" (The emigrant on the Ohio.) His friends about this time procured him the office of inspector to the Hamburg-Altona telegraph company, which situation secured him against further want, but likewise prevented him following his literary labours. He produced another work, entitled, "Allbuch" (All-Book,) an attempt to preach the "Religion of Love," but this met with little success, being condemned by the philosophical schools as well as by the orthodox believers, and, besides, suffering from a want of clear logical argumentation. The works of Friedrich Clemens have recently been republished in a new and complete edition.—F. M.
CLEMENS, Titus Flavius, cousin of Domitian, and his colleague in the consulship a.d. 95. His father was Flavius Sabinus, elder brother of the Emperor Vespasianus. During his consulship he was put to death by Domitian. According to Dion Cassius he was executed on a charge of atheism; for which, he says, many others who had embraced the Jewish opinions were also put to death. It has been inferred from this that he
