opinions of Clement of Alexandria, 8vo, 1835; and Smith's Dictionary of Biography and Mythology.)—S. D.
CLEMENT I. or Clemens Romanus, an ecclesiastical writer belonging to the early church. Very few particulars of his life are known. Many think that he was the same Clement whom the apostle Paul alludes to in the epistle to the Philippians, iv. 3. But though Origen, Eusebius, Epiphanius, Jerome, and others in ancient times, as well as various critics in modern times have asserted the identity, it is more probable that they were different persons. If his first epistle to the Corinthians be authentic, Clement occupied an eminent place in the church at Rome. He seems to have been a bishop there. So at least tradition asserts. The order of succession in the first bishops at Rome is uncertain. The oldest tradition is that found in Irenæus, which arranges them thus—Peter, Linus, Cletus, Clement. The oldest Latin tradition, which is found in Jerome, represents the order thus—Peter, Clement, Linus, Cletus, with which agrees Tertullian's statement that he was ordained by Peter. It has been conjectured that he died the death of a martyr; but Irenæus, Eusebius, and Jerome never once allude to such an event. The year 102 has been assigned as the date of his decease. There is extant a first epistle (so called) to the Corinthians, written, or purporting to be written, by Clement. To its authenticity we think there can be no well-founded objection; though many critics have denied or doubted it—very recently those belonging to the Tübingen school. Presuming, as we do, that the letter was Clement's own production, it probably belongs to the reign of Domitian. Others place it about a.d. 68, which is too early, as Schliemann has shown. It appears to have been occasioned by a strife in the Corinthian church—the same in all probability which existed there in the time of Paul; and its general tenor is to effect a reconciliation between the parties. Another epistle is ascribed to the same writer, the (so called) second epistle to the Corinthians, of which only fragments exist. The production, however, is supposititious, and must have been written at the close of the second century. These two letters are preserved in the Alexandrian MS., whence they were first transcribed and published by Patrick Young, Oxford, 1633, 4to, and afterwards much more correctly by H. Wotton, Cambridge, in 1718. The apocryphal literature included under the name "Clementines," professedly proceeded from Clement of Rome; but this is justly denied by all critics of the present day. Neither the Homilies called the Clementines, nor the Recognitions derived from them; nor the Epitome, the offspring of a later orthodoxy; nor the Apostolic Constitutions and Canons which were written much later than Clement's day—though recording many genuine apostolic traditions—belong to his pen. In like manner the two Syriac epistles to the virgins, first printed by Wetstein at the end of his edition of the Greek Testament, must be dissociated from Clement's authorship, notwithstanding the opinion of Wetstein, Möhler, Zingerle, and others. The remains of Clemens Romanus are included in editions of the apostolic fathers, as in those of Cotelerius (ed. Clericus), 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; Jacobson, 2 vols., 8vo, Oxford, 1840; Hefele, at Tübingen, 1 vol., 8vo, 1847. They have been translated into English by Archbishop Wake and Chevallier.—(See Hilgenfeld's Erforschungen über die Schriften apost. Väter, 1853, 8vo; and Uhlhorn, in Herzog's Encyclopædia of Protestant Theology, article "Clement."—S. D.
CLEMENT II., Pope, a German, bishop of Bamberg, succeeded Gregory VI. in 1046. He immediately crowned Henry III. emperor of Germany. He died in the following year.—T. A.
CLEMENT III., a Roman, one of the cardinals created by Alexander III., was elected pope in 1187. In this year Jerusalem was taken by Saladin, and the christian kingdom of Palestine subverted. Clement endeavoured, and not unsuccessfully, to arrange the quarrels which divided the sovereigns of Europe, and to unite them into a confederacy for the purpose of undertaking a new crusade. He reconciled Henry II. of England and Philip Augustus, and they, together with Frederic Barbarossa, assumed the cross. Clement died in 1191.—T. A.
CLEMENT IV. (Guido, bishop of Sabina), was elected on the death of Urban IV. in 1265. He had formerly been a lawyer, and had two daughters living at the time of his elevation. Clement carried on Urban's design of getting Naples and Sicily for Charles of Anjou, whom he vigorously assisted, first against Manfred, then against Conradin, until the whole of Sicily fell into his hands. Crusades were promoted by this pope, in Spain against the Moors, and in Hungary against the Tartars. He had already mixed in English affairs, having been sent by Urban IV. on a mission of conciliation between Henry III. and his barons, and of coercion as regarded the bishops who sided against the king; and now, as pope, he continued his efforts; exhorted the king of France, St. Louis, to act also as a peacemaker, and sent Cardinal Ottoboni to England as his legate, with highly beneficial results. Clement was a good preacher, and led an ascetic life. He died in 1286.—T. A.
CLEMENT V. (Bertrand de Goth, archbishop of Bourdeaux), was elected in 1305 by the cardinals assembled at Perugia, after the sittings of the conclave had been protracted for eleven months since the death of Benedict XI. He would not hearken to the entreaty of the cardinals that he would come to Italy; but after fixing his court first in Poitou, and then in Guienne, he established it permanently at Avignon in 1309. In two nominations he created none but French cardinals. He granted to Philip le Bel a tithe of the revenues of the French church for five years, to aid him in his unjust war upon Flanders, and in many other ways sacrificed the interests of the church to conciliate this haughty sovereign. Clement died at Roquemaure on the Rhone in 1314.—T. A.
CLEMENT VI. (Peter Roger, archbishop of Rouen), one of the Avignon popes, succeeded Benedict XII. in 1342. The rupture which his predecessor had unwisely kept open between the Emperor Louis of Bavaria and the holy see, came to a crisis under Clement, who in 1345 fulminated against Louis a bull of excommunication, in which he exhausted the vocabulary of malediction. The candidate favoured by the pope, the Margrave Charles of Moravia, was chosen emperor by the majority of the German electors in 1346. In 1348 Clement purchased the territory and city of Avignon from Joanna, queen of Naples and countess of Provence, for the sum of eighty thousand florins. In 1350 he authorized the celebration of the second jubilee at Rome. He died in Avignon in 1352.—T. A.
CLEMENT VII. (Giulio), was an illegitimate son of Julian de Medici, who was assassinated in the conspiracy of the Passo at Florence in 1478. He joined the Johannites, and became prior of Capua. Leo X., his cousin, after being elevated to the papacy, made him legitimate, and created him archbishop of Florence, and soon after cardinal in 1513. Henceforth he was Leo's privy councillor. After Hadrian VI.'s death, Giulio was chosen pope in 1523, and took the title of Clement VII. After the battle of Pavia, where the French army was destroyed, Clement was obliged to lean to the side of Charles V., though he had secretly inclined to that of Francis I. He encouraged a league with France and England against the claims of Charles, when the independence of Italy was in peril. When Francis I. purchased his liberty from the emperor, Clement VII. absolved him from the oath he had taken as a prisoner, and did all that he could to organize a confederacy against Charles' exorbitant power. But the agitations of Germany were unfavourable to the pope's success; his allies did not keep their word with him; the enemy pressed on; the papal forces were overthrown at the first assault; the imperial army entered Rome on the 6th of May, 1527; and the city was sacked and pillaged with savage ferocity. The pope himself was besieged in the castle of St. Angelo, and four hundred thousand ducats demanded as the condition of his release. He escaped from prison in the dress of a merchant and fled to Orvieto. Humbled as he was, the kings of England and France could not induce him to enter into their league against Charles. The misfortunes of the French arms in Italy in 1528-29, strengthened his aversion to come to terms with France; and in view of all circumstances he resolved to make a formal peace with the emperor at Barcelona, on the 29th of June, 1529. Towards the close of this same year Clement had an interview with the emperor of Bologna, in which the latter promised to invest Florence, and compel it again to submit to the Medici family. The progress of the Reformation gave Clement considerable uneasiness, and he used various means to regain the influence which Rome had lost by that movement, but generally without effect. He protracted the decision of Henry VIII.'s suit of divorce from his wife, Catherine of Arragon, till the haughty English king was wearied of delay, and procured a sentence of divorce at home. On this the pope, urged by the cardinals of the emperor's party, issued an anathema against Henry, and thus sealed the annihilation of his authority in England. In addition to the troubles which the
