geniality of mind. It was in society such as this, that Clerk shone with never-failing humour and endless store of anecdote. If occasionally he discoursed complacently on his own talents and virtues, it was thought nothing of; for eccentricity had not then become the reproach it is now counted in less cultivated society. Nor did his inattention to dress make him anything the less welcome. The real kindness and liberality of the man's whole nature might well have made much graver faults to be overlooked. At home among the curiosities, he seems to have been not the least himself. Stories are told of how visitors used to find him in his study, surrounded by a litter of books, engravings, and statuettes, with possibly half a dozen cats or dogs lying about, and in all likelihood one of the former animals, of which he was specially fond, perched on his shoulder. The days for these things are past, and half the eccentricity of Clerk would now prevent a man from being what he was in his day—a leader in public opinion, in the courts, and in society, and an authority in literature and art. John Clerk was not made a judge till 1823, when he was very old, and all his faculties were dim. His memory, in particular, had failed. Accordingly, his reputation as a judge is very limited, and his decisions of little value. He resigned his judgeship in 1828, and died in 1832.—J. D. W.
CLERMONT, Louis de Bourbon, Count de, a prince of the royal family of France, was born in 1709. He was at first intended for the clerical profession, and actually received several abbacies; but in 1733 he obtained a dispensation from the pope, Clement XII., authorizing him to bear arms. He served in several campaigns in Germany and the Low Countries. In 1754 he was elected a member of the French Academy—a step which provoked a number of smart epigrams both on the academy and on the new member. In 1758 he was appointed to the command of the French army in Hanover, and was attacked by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, driven across the Rhine with great loss, and ultimately defeated at Crefeldt, leaving seven thousand men on the field. He died in 1771.—J. T.
CLERY or O'CLERY, Michael, the chief compiler of the Irish Annals, called "of the Four Masters," was born in the parish of Kilbarron, near Ballyshannon, Donegal, Ireland, about the year 1575. He was a lay brother of the Franciscan order, and while in the world had borne the name of Teige of the Mountain; but on his admission to the order of St. Francis he assumed that of Michael. Soon after joining his order at Louvain, he was sent to Ireland by the guardian of the Irish convent there, Hugh Ward (who was then himself employed in writing the lives of Irish saints), to collect Irish manuscripts and other helps towards this undertaking. O'Clery, who was eminently qualified for the task, pursued his inquiry for fifteen years, during which period he visited the best Irish scholars and antiquaries then living, and transcribed from ancient manuscripts many lives of Irish saints, several genealogies, martyrologies, and other monuments, all which he transmitted to Hugh Ward in 1635, who, however, did not live to avail himself of them; but they proved of great use to the Rev. John Colgan, jubilate lecturer of theology at Louvain, who took up the same subject after the death of Ward. During O'Clery's stay in Ireland, he compiled the following works—in one volume, "A Catalogue of the Kings of Ireland, and the Irish Calendar of Saints' Days;" "The Book of Conquests;" and "The Annals of Ireland," called "The Annals of the Four Masters." None of these works, of which copies are preserved in the library of the Irish academy, have yet been published, except the "Annals of the Four Masters," of which a complete translation has lately been published by Dr. J. O'Donovan, Dublin. Besides these works, Michael O'Clery also wrote and published at Louvain a glossary of difficult and obsolete Irish words, which Lloyd embodied in his Irish dictionary. This work is now very scarce. Colgan, who published his Acta Sanctorum in the year 1645, states that Michael had died a few months previously.—J. O'D.
CLEVELY, John: this painter was born in London about 1743. He was brought up in the dockyard at Deptford, but afterwards he entered the navy; and, as a lieutenant in that service, accompanied Lord Mulgrave in his voyage of discovery to the north pole. He subsequently went with Sir Joseph Banks to Iceland. He painted both in oil and water colours—more generally in the latter. His marine pieces brought him renown, and many of his drawings were engraved. He died in London in 1786.—W. T.
CLEVES, Anne of. See Henry VIII.
CLEVES, Marie de, Duchess of Orleans, Milan, and Valois, born in 1426, was the daughter of Adolphus IV., duke of Cleves. In 1440 she was married to the duke of Orleans, who was nearly three times her age, and had been twice a widower. Marie of Cleves was a woman of a noble and beautiful appearance, and was possessed of considerable abilities and of high literary culture. She wrote a number of romances, ballads, and other poems, many of which have been preserved. She contributed greatly to the promotion of learning in France, by supporting many students at the universities of Pavia and Orleans, and by giving assistance to the university of Caen.—R. B.
CLEYN or KLEYN, Franz: this artist was born at Rostock, and for some time worked in the service of Christian IV., king of Denmark. Then moved by a strong desire for improvement, he travelled to Italy, and for four years studied zealously at Rome. Afterwards, at Venice, he became known to Sir Henry Wotton and Sir Robert Anstruther, and on their advice journeyed to England, where he was placed in the king's new manufactory of tapestry at Mortlake, and required to furnish historical and grotesque designs for the works. He decorated many mansions of the nobility. A room and ceiling by him at Holland House were lauded as equal to Parmegiano. He was original in design, and elaborate in workmanship. He died in 1658.—W. T.
CLICQUOT, François Henri, a French organ-builder of considerable eminence, born at Paris in 1728. He built—sometimes in conjunction with Pierre Dallery—the organs of Notre Dame, St. Nicholas-des-Champs, St. Gervais, the chapel-royal at Versailles, St. Sulpice, and many others. He died at Paris in 1791.—E. F. R.
CLIEVELAND, CLEAVELAND, or CLEVELAND, John, a popular cavalier poet of the reign of Charles I., born at Loughborough, Leicestershire, in 1613, was educated at Christ's college and St. John's college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow in 1634. Of his poems the best known was a satire entitled "Petition to the Lord-Protector for the Scots Rebel." The author, after his ejection from his fellowship, led an unsettled life during the civil war, and was for some time a prisoner at Yarmouth. Fuller praises his Latinity, his excellent oratory, and the "lofty fancy" displayed in his poems. He belonged to the metaphysical class of poets, and outdid the most conceited of them in conceits. His death occurred in 1659.—J. S., G.
CLIFFORD, the name of a famous noble family, "the stout Lords Clifford" as they were called, whose adventures occupy a conspicuous place in English history. They were descended from the dukes of Normandy, and took their English appellation from their castle in the county of Hereford—
Clifford, Roger de, was the first of the family who gained a footing in the north, by inheriting the lands and castle of Brougham, near Penrith, in Cumberland. He was slain in the Welsh wars. His eldest daughter was the "Fair Rosamond" of romantic celebrity.—Robert, the son and successor of Roger, was said to have been the greatest man of all the family, being of a most martial and heroic spirit. He was one of the guardians of Edward II. when a minor, and was subsequently made by him lord high admiral. He acquired great celebrity in the Scottish wars, and was rewarded for his valour by grants out of the possessions of the Maxwells and Douglases. But he went upon his neighbour's land once too often, and was slain at the battle of Bannockburn, 24th June, 1314.
Clifford, Roger, fifth lord, is said to have been "one of the wisest and gallantest" of the race. He took a prominent part in the French and Scottish wars of Edward III. He was the longest possessor of the family estates of any before or after him till the "Shepherd Lord," and it was his fortune to be the first Lord Clifford of Westmoreland who lived to be a grandfather.—His son Thomas, was one of Richard II.'s dissolute favourites, and on being banished from the court by authority of parliament, he joined the crusade and was slain, leaving an infant son who married the only daughter of the famous Hotspur, and stood deservedly high in the favour of Henry V. He fell in the flower of his age at the siege of Meux in France.
Clifford, Thomas, the sixth lord, gained renown at the battle of Poitiers, and did "brave service in the wars in France, at the assault and taking of the strong town of Pointhoise, when and where he and his men were all clothed in white by reason of the snow, and in that manner surprised the town. He also valiantly defended the same town against the assaults then and there
