Lawless was again arrested upon suspicion of treasonable practices, and committed to the Tower on the 8th of May following, where he remained till the expiration of the suspension of the Habeas Corpus act in March, 1801. His imprisonment resulted in heavy pecuniary losses, including a sum of near £70,000 which his father, on his death in 1799, left away from him lest it should be confiscated. A lady, too, to whom he was affianced died, as he tells us, from anxiety for his fate. Upon obtaining his liberation Lawless, now Lord Cloncurry, commenced proceedings for false imprisonment against the duke of Portland and Mr. Pitt, less, he says, to obtain compensation than to clear his character. These actions, however, were stopped by the bill of indemnity obtained by ministers, and Lord Cloncurry had to content himself with the sentiments pretty freely expressed of the injustice with which he had been treated. He now returned to Ireland; but the frail state of his health from long confinement made it necessary to seek a better climate. Accordingly in 1802 he went to the continent. After his return to Ireland in the end of 1805, though subjected to some annoyances. Lord Cloncurry devoted himself entirely to the duties of his station as a country gentleman, and took an active and useful part as a justice of peace. Upon the accession of George IV. Lord Cloncurry took a very memorable part on the occasion of a meeting convened to address the king, and with the aid of Mr. O'Connell defeated the object of the meeting. Nevertheless, when the king came to Ireland, Lord Cloncurry attended upon his majesty, dined at the royal table, and even invited the sovereign to his seat at Lyons. Meantime he occupied himself energetically in the endeavour to obtain Catholic emancipation, and conduced much to its final concession. It is worthy of remark, too, that in 1827 he projected a ship canal from Dublin to Galway, chiefly with the aim of establishing a transatlantic communication between that port and America, and the arguments used by him are mainly those which thirty years afterwards succeeded In establishing that communication and justifying his sagacity. Though a staunch advocate for the repeal of the legislative union between Great Britain and Ireland, Lord Cloncurry did not approve of O'Connell's mode of carrying this object, and he accordingly refused to preside at a public meeting for the purpose. This led to a public and vituperative denunciation of the lord by the demagogue, and a personal estrangement for several years. In all the political questions which agitated the public mind in Ireland for many years Lord Cloncurry was a participator, and we find him in correspondence with many of the great minds of the day. He closed an active life in his eightieth year, dying at his residence, Maretimo, near Dublin, on the 28th October, 1853.—J. F. W.
CLOOTS, Jean Baptiste du Val de Grace, better known as Anacharsis Cloots, one of the most violent fanatics who figured in the French revolution, was a wealthy Prussian baron, and was born in 1755. He came to Paris in 1766 for the purpose of completing his education, and there imbibed both the republican and materialistic opinions which were prevalent among the French philosophers at that period. He renounced his rank and title, and adopted the classical prenomen of Anacharsis in lieu of his christian names, which he rejected as having a superstitious origin. On completing his education, he travelled over a great part of Europe, including England, Germany, Italy, and Spain, promulgating everywhere his Utopian speculations regarding the reformation of the human race. In 1780 he published a work entitled "La certitude des preuves de Mahométisme," which was intended to prove the falsehood of all systems of religion. In 1789 he took up his residence in Paris. When the Revolution broke out, Cloots appeared at the bar of the national assembly, 19th June, 1790, in the assumed character of "the orator of the human race," followed by a number of foreigners, each wearing his distinctive national garb, and demanded in their name the right of admission to the grand federation fête. He became president of one of the jacobin clubs, was elected a deputy to the national convention in 1792, and voted for the death of Louis XVI. He advocated the establishment of a universal republic, of which he professed to be the ambassador, proclaimed himself the personal enemy of Jesus Christ, affirmed that reason would unite all men in a single representative church, that religion was the only obstacle to this utopia, and that the time had arrived for eradicating it. He expended a considerable fortune in his attempts to propagate these opinions, and in supporting the republic against its foreign enemies. He published "La Republique Universelle," and several other works. Cloots at length excited the jealousy of Robespierre, and was sent to the scaffold, along with Hêbert, Chaumette, and others, in 1794.—R. B.
CLOQUET, Hippolyte, a French physician, born in Paris in 1787; died on the 3rd of March, 1849. He took his degree of doctor of medicine in 1815, and filled for some time the positions of prosector and professor of anatomy in the schools of Paris. "A Complete Treatise on Descriptive Anatomy," 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1816, is his great work, on which his reputation as an anatomist rests.—E. L.
* CLOQUET, Jules Germain, brother of the preceding, was born in Paris on the 18th December, 1790. He is a French physician of great eminence, and has distinguished himself by his contributions to science, in the shape of papers read before the Academy of Sciences, and other learned bodies. As an anatomist, a surgeon, and an author, M. Cloquet has acquired a lasting reputation. His works are many in number, and contain much valuable information and many original views. He is the inventor of many surgical appliances and modes of operation, and excels in the art of making anatomical preparations and models in wax. In 1831 M. Cloquet was appointed professor of clinical surgery to the faculty of Paris.—E. L.
CLOSTERMAN, Johann: this artist was born at Osnaburg in 1656. In 1679, with his countryman Tiburen, he went to Paris, and was employed by De Troyes. In 1681 he came to England and painted draperies for Riley. He obtained the notice of the duke of Somerset, and painted portraits of the duke's children. He also painted portraits of the duke and duchess of Marlborough and all their children; in reference to which work, and the difficulties that arose in its progress between the artist and the duchess, the duke declared—"It has given me more trouble to reconcile my wife and you than to fight a battle." Closterman died in 1710.—W. T.
CLOTAIRE I., youngest son of Clovis and Clotilde, born about 500, on the death of his father in 511 shared with his three brothers the throne of France. He kept court at Soissons. By the death of his brothers and the murder or degradation of their children, he reigned as sole king from 558 till his death in 561.—R. B.
CLOTAIRE II., an illegitimate son of Childeric, whom he succeeded on the throne of Neustria 584, while still an infant. During his minority he was under the guardianship of the ambitious Fredegonda, his mother, and was protected by Gontran of Burgundy. He died in 628, aged forty-five.—R. B.
CLOTAIRE III., grandson of Dagobert, born about 652, reigned over Neustria and Burgundy from 655 till his death in 670. He was at first ruled by his mother, Bathilda, who, by her marriage, had been raised to royal rank from the condition of a Saxon slave; and latterly by the mayors of the palace.
CLOTAIRE IV., of unknown origin, placed on the throne of Austrasia by Charles Martel. He reigned in 717-720.
CLOTILDA or CLOTILDIS, daughter of Chilperic of Burgundy, was married to Clovis I. in 493. She professed the christian faith, and her zealous efforts for the conversion of her husband were ultimately successful; but, tradition says, not without the aid of a miraculous interposition in his favour at the battle of Zulpich, against the Alemanni. On the death of Clovis, and the division of his kingdom amongst her four sons, she retired to a life of devotion in the cloisters of St. Martin. The fame of her sanctity, and the miracles which are said to have attended her prayers, procured for her the honour of canonization; although the influence which she exerted on the quarrels of her kinsmen was not always of a peaceful character.—W. B.
CLOUET, Albert, a Flemish engraver, was born at Antwerp in 1624. He studied in Italy under Bloemaert, and his plates are executed much in the neat finished manner of his master. He engraved some of the pictures in the Palazzo Pitti at Florence; several portraits for the work "Effigies Cardinal, nunc Viventium," published at Rome; also, portraits of painters for Belloni's vite dé Pittori; and subjects after Baldinucci, Da Cortona, and Borghignone. He died in 1687.—W. T.
CLOUET or CLOWET, Peter: this Flemish engraver was born at Antwerp in 1624. At an early age he went to Italy, and at Rome studied under Pierre and Bloemaert. He afterwards returned to Antwerp and engraved several portraits after Van Dyck and pictures after Rubens. His plates are finished in a firm, free, masterly manner. His Rubens plates are highly prized. Among these are the "Descent from the Cross,"
